Filaments for 3D printers and resin

filaments for 3D printers

Toners and ink cartridges are the consumables of 2D printers, however, the 3D need other consumables different: the materials for additive manufacturing. Although this guide is specifically aimed at filaments for 3D printerswill also be treated other 3D printing materials, such as resins, metals, composites, etc. This way you will be able to learn more about what types of materials you have at your fingertips, the properties of each one, with their advantages and disadvantages, as well as see some purchase recommendations.

Best filaments for 3D printers

If you want to buy some of the best filaments for 3d printers, here are some recommendations with a great value for money:

GEEETECH PLA type filament

This PLA material 3D printer filament spool is available in 12 different colors to choose from. It is a 1.75 mm diameter reel, compatible with most printers FDA, and 1 kg in weight. In addition, it will give a very smooth finish, with a high precision of up to 0.03 mm tolerances.

SUNLU PLA

It is another of the great brands of filaments for 3D printers. This also of PLA type, 1.75 mm thick, one kilogram of reel, and with a even better tolerance than the previous one, only ±0.02 mm. As for the colors, you have them available in 14 different ones (and combined).

Itamsys Ultem PEI

It is a reel of a high-performance thermoplastic, such as PEI or polyetherimide. An excellent material if you are looking for strength, thermal stability, and the ability to withstand steam self-cleaning. It is also 1.75mm and has tolerances of 0.05mm up or down, but 500 grams.

Itamsys Ultem Flame Retardant

Another roll of filament for 3D printer of this same loam and weighing half a kilo. It is also a PEI, but with integrated metal particles, which makes this thermoplastic flame retardant for high performance applications. A material that can be interesting even for the vehicle and aerospace sector.

GIANTARM type PLA

It's a pack of 3 coils, each weighing 0.5 kg. Also 1.75 mm thick, quality, with 0.03 mm tolerances, with up to 330 meters of filament per spool, and suitable for 3D printers and 3D pens. The big difference is that it is available in precious metal colors: gold, silver and copper.

MSNJ PLA (wood)

This other coil of PLA of 1.75 mm or 3mm (as you choose), with 1.2 kg of weight, and finishing tolerances between -0.03mm and +0.03 mm on the ideal surface, this product is ideal for artistic works. And that's because you have it in colors that will simulate the yellow wood, palm wood and black wood.

AMOLEN PLA (wood)

A filament of 1.75 mm, of PLA, and with a great quality, but available in very exotic colors, such as red wood, walnut wood, ebony wood, etc. However, not only does it mimic these colors, but the polymer includes 20% real wood fibers.

SUNLU TPU

A spool of material 3D printer filaments TPU i.e. flexible material (such as silicone mobile phone cases). Each reel is 500 grams, regardless of the color chosen among the 7 available. And of course it is non-toxic and environmentally friendly.

SUNLU TPU

If you want an alternative to the above, also made of flexible TPU, but in more vivid colors, you can also select this other reel. In addition, this firm has improved precision by 0.01mm compared to the previous one. Each spool is 0.5 grams and very high quality.

eSUN ABS+

A 3D printer filament type ABS+, of 1.75mm, with a dimensional precision of 0.05mm, weight of 1 Kg, and available in two colors, cold white and black. A filament very resistant to cracks and deformation, also to wear and heat, and even suitable for engineering.

Smartfil HIPS

Available in black tone, and in two diameters to choose from, such as 1.75 mm and 1.85 mm. Each spool is 750 grams, with HIPS material which has characteristics similar to ABS, but with less warping, in addition to admitting sanding and painting with acrylic paints. It also has excellent mechanical properties, highly demanded in the industrial sector, and can be used as a support by easily dissolving in D-limonene.

This trade mark, SmartFil, is specialized in advanced filaments, with properties superior to the usual ones.

FontierFila Pack 4x multi-material

You can also buy this pack of 4 filaments for 3D printers 1.75 mm thick and 250 grams per reel, with a total of 1 kg between all. The good thing is that you have four types of material to get started and test the characteristics of each one: white nylon, transparent PETG, red Flex, and black HIPS.

TSYDSW With carbon fiber

If you are looking for something light, advanced and resistant, this printer filament is PLA, but it includes also carbon fiber. Available in 18 colors to choose from, on 1kg spools with a diameter of 1.75mm.

FJJ-DAYIN Carbon Fiber

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Filament spools for 3D printers available in 100 grams, 500 grams and 1 kg. With black color, 1.75 mm thick, and with a mixture of materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and 30% carbon fiber as reinforcement.

FormFutura Apollox

A reel in white color of ABS and 0.75 kg of weight. East filament is high performance, for professional use such as engineering. It is weather resistant and also UV resistant. It has good heat resistance, and has FDA and RoHS certifications.

NEXBERG HANDLE

These filaments for 3D printers are from ASA, that is, from Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, a thermoplastic with some advantages over ABS, such as its resistance to UV rays and low tendency to yellow. In addition, they are spools of 1 kg of filament, 1.75mm in diameter, and available in white and black.

eSUN Cleaning Filament

Un cleaning filament, like this, is a type of filament that can be used to clean the extruder nozzle, prevent clogging, and also remove debris when you are going to change from one type of material to another, or when you are going to change color. It is 1.75mm in diameter and is sold in a 100 gram reel.

eSUNPA

1 kg spool and 1.75 mm thick, with white and dark natural colors to choose from. This filament is made of nylon, so it is a synthetic fiber without toxicity or impact on the environment. Some reels use a 85% nylon and the rest PA6, along with 15% carbon fiber, which gives greater strength, rigidity, and toughness.

Best resins for 3D printers

In case you are looking for consumables for your resin 3D printer, you also have these recommended boats:

ELEGOO LCD UV 405nm

Gray resin photopolymer for 3D printers with UV LCD lamp and compatible with most XNUMXD printers. resin type LCD and DLP. Available in 500 grams and 1 kg, and available in red, black, green, beige and translucent.

ANYCUBIC LCD UV 405nm

Sales ANYCUBIC Resin...

ANYCUBIC is a of the best brands in 3D printing, and it has this fantastic resin in 0.5 or 1 Kg pots, with different colors to choose from. Works with most printers 3D LCD and DLP lamp. In addition, the results will be exceptional.

SUNLU Standard

Una quality resin and compatible with most 3D printers of resin. Compatible with LCD and DLP printers, 405nm UV, fast curing, 1kg weight per can, and available in colors such as white, black and pink-beige.

ELEGOO LCD UV 405nm ABS-like

This other standard photopolymer from the famous ELEGOO brand is also available in jars of 0.5 and 1 kg, with various colors to choose from. Compatible with most DLP and LCD printers, and with a finish similar to the properties of ABS, but in resin 3D printers.

RESORT

Available in 0.5kg and 1kg sizes, one black resin F80 elastic, with high elongation and resistance to breakage, it is also very resilient, which opens up a large number of possible applications. Compatible with MSLA, DLP and LCD.

Materials for 3D printing: what materials do 3D printers use

printed metal

In the recommendations section of filaments and resins for 3D printers, we have focused on the usual materials that are frequently used by individuals, and also on some more advanced ones for professional use. However, there are many more materials that can be used with 3D printers, and you should know their properties.

In each of the materials you will see a brief description of what this material is, and a list of We take care of your rental property in Valencia. identical to this:

  • Breaking strain: refers to the stress that a material can withstand before deforming considerably.
  • Rigidity: it is the resistance to elastic deformations, that is, if it has low rigidity it will be an elastic material, and if it has high rigidity it will be not very malleable. For example, if you need better shock absorption and flexibility, you should look for something with low stiffness like PP or TPU.
  • Durability: refers to the quality or how durable the material is.
  • maximum service temperature: MST is the maximum temperature to which a material can be subjected without losing performance as a thermal insulator.
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): Measures the change in volume or length of a material in response to changes in temperature. If it has a high degree, it will not work for applications such as rulers or pieces that must retain their dimensions under any temperature, or they will expand and be imprecise or will not fit.
  • Density: amount of mass in relation to the volume, while denser, it can be more solid and consistent, but it also loses lightness. For example, if you want the material to float, you will have to look for something with a lower density.
  • Ease of printing: is how easy or difficult it is to print with said material.
  • extrusion temperature: the temperature required to melt it and print with it.
  • heated bed required: Whether or not you need a heated bed.
  • bed temperature: the optimum heated bed temperature.
  • UV resistance: if it resists UV radiation, such as exposure to the sun without deteriorating.
  • Water resistance: resistance to water, to submerge it, or expose it to the elements, etc.
  • Soluble: Some materials dissolve in others, which can be a good thing in some cases.
  • Chemical resistance: is the resistance of the material surface to deterioration caused by the conditions of its environment.
  • Fatigue resistance: When a material is subjected to a periodic load, the fatigue strength will indicate what the material is capable of withstanding without failing. For example, imagine that you create a piece that must be bent during use, because a material with low resistance could fail or break with 10 bends, others can withstand thousands and thousands of them...
  • Applications (example of use): a practical example of what it could be used for.

Filaments

materials for 3d printers

Many types of filaments for 3D printers based on polymers (and hybrids), some non-toxic, environmentally friendly, biodegradable (from some created from algae, to those from hemp, vegetable starches, vegetable oils, coffee, etc.), recyclable, and with no end of very different properties.

When choose, you should take several factors into account:

  • Type of material: Not all 3D printers accept all materials, it is important that you choose the compatible one. In addition, you should keep in mind the properties (see subsections with the properties of each one) of each material to know if it adapts to the application that you are going to give it.
  • Filament diameter: the most common, and the ones with the greatest compatibility, are 1.75 mm, although there are other thicknesses.
  • Use: for beginners the best is PLA or PET-G, for professional use PP, ABS, PA, and TPU. It is also important to take into account if you are going to use them for medical purposes, for containers or utensils for food use (non-toxic), or to be biodegradable, etc.

Some of the most used are:

PLA

PLA is the acronym for polylactic acid in English (PolyLactic Acid), and it is one of the most frequent and cheapest materials for 3D printing. That's because it's good for a multitude of applications, it's cheap, and it's easy to print with. This polymer or bioplastic has properties similar to polyethylene terephthalate, and is used for many applications.

  • Breaking strain: high
  • Rigidity: high
  • Durability: middle-low
  • maximum service temperature: 52 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): low
  • Density: High average
  • Ease of printing: High average
  • extrusion temperature: 190 - 220 ° C
  • heated bed required: optional
  • bed temperature: 45-60ºC
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: short
  • Soluble: short
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: short
  • Applications (example of use): The majority of parts and figures that are printed in 3D are made of PLA.

ABS meaning, and ABS+

El ABS is a type of polymer, specifically an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic.. It is a material that is highly resistant to shocks and used in industrial and domestic sectors for many applications. This amorphous thermoplastic also has an improved version, known as ABS+.

  • Breaking strain: average
  • Rigidity: average
  • Durability: high
  • maximum service temperature: 98 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): high, although they resist heat very well
  • Density: middle-low
  • Ease of printing: high
  • extrusion temperature: 220 - 250 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 95 - 110 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: short
  • Soluble: short
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: short
  • Applications (example of use): The pieces of LEGO, Tente, and other construction games are made with this material, and many car parts. It is also used to make plastic flutes, housings for televisions, computers, and other household appliances.

HIPS

El HIPS material, or High Impact Polystyrene (also called PSAI) It is another of the most used materials in 3D printers. It is a variant of polystyrenes, but has been improved so that it is not as brittle at room temperature, by the addition of polybutadiene, which also improves impact resistance.

  • Breaking strain: short
  • Rigidity: very high
  • Durability: High average
  • maximum service temperature: 100 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): low
  • Density: average
  • Ease of printing: average
  • extrusion temperature: 230 - 245 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 100 - 115 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: short
  • Soluble: yes
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: short
  • Applications (example of use): Used to make automobile components, toys, disposable razors, PC keyboards and mice, household items, telephones, dairy product packaging, etc.

PET

El polyethylene terephthalate, or PET (Polyethylene Terephtalate) It is a very commonly used type of plastic polymer from the polyester family. It is obtained by the polycondensation reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.

  • Breaking strain: average
  • Rigidity: average
  • Durability: High average
  • maximum service temperature: 73 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): low
  • Density: average
  • Ease of printing: high
  • extrusion temperature: 230 - 250 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 75 - 90 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: good
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: good
  • Fatigue resistance: good
  • Applications (example of use): It is widely used for beverage containers, such as water or soft drink bottles, although PET-free containers have recently been promoted, since it is a material that can be somewhat toxic to health. Some recycled PET is also used to make polyester fiber clothing.

Nylon or polyamide (PA)

El nylon, polyamide, or nylon (Nylon is a registered trademark), is a type of synthetic polymer that belongs to the group of polyamides. It began to be used in the textile industry because it is elastic and very resistant, in addition to not needing ironing.

  • Breaking strain: High average
  • Rigidity: medium, it is quite flexible
  • Durability: very high, very resistant to impacts and temperatures
  • maximum service temperature: 80 - 95 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): medium-high
  • Density: average
  • Ease of printing: high
  • extrusion temperature: 220 - 270 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 70 - 90 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: good
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: high
  • Applications (example of use): in addition to clothing, it is also used to make brush and comb handles, threads for fishing rods, gasoline tanks, some mechanical parts for toys, guitar strings, zippers, fan blades, sutures in surgery, watch bracelets , for flanges, etc.

SO

ASA stands for Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate., an amorphous thermoplastic with some similarities to ABS, although it is an acrylic elastomer and ABS is a butadiene elastomer. This material is more resistant to UV rays than ABS, so it can be good for pieces that will be exposed to the sun.

  • Breaking strain: average
  • Rigidity: average
  • Durability: high
  • maximum service temperature: 95 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): medium-high
  • Density: middle-low
  • Ease of printing: High average
  • extrusion temperature: 235 - 255 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 90 - 110 ° C
  • UV resistance: high
  • Water resistance: short
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: short
  • Applications (example of use): many device plastics used outdoors are from ASA, also the frame of sunglasses, some swimming pool plastics, etc.

PET G

This type of filament is also a popular thermoplastic in 3D printing and additive manufacturing. PETG is a glycol polyester, that combines some of the advantages of PLA such as ease of printing with the resistance of ABS. It is one of the most widely used plastics in the world, and many of the things that surround us are made with it.

  • Breaking strain: average
  • Rigidity: middle-low
  • Durability: High average
  • maximum service temperature: 73 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): low
  • Density: average
  • Ease of printing: high
  • extrusion temperature: 230 - 250 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 75 - 90 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: high
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: high
  • Fatigue resistance: high
  • Applications (example of use): also used for cases similar to those of PET, such as plastic bottles, glasses, cups and plates, chemical or cleaning product containers, etc.

PC or polycarbonate

El PC or polycarbonate It is a thermoplastic that is very easy to mold and work with, to give the shape you want. It is widely used today, and has excellent properties, such as its thermal resistance, and its resistance to impacts.

  • Breaking strain: high
  • Rigidity: average
  • Durability: high
  • maximum service temperature: 121 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): short
  • Density: average
  • Ease of printing: average
  • extrusion temperature: 260 - 310 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 80 - 120 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: short
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: high
  • Applications (example of use): for mineral water bottles, drums, covers in architecture, agriculture (greenhouses), toys, office supplies such as pens, rulers, CDs and DVDs, electronic product cases, filters, transport boxes, riot shields, vehicles, molds of pastry etc.

High performance polymers (PEEK, PEKK)

PEEK, or polyether-ether-ketone, is a material of great purity and low content of VOCs or volatile organic compounds, as well as low gas emissions. In addition, it has very good properties, and is a high performance semi-crystalline thermoplastic for professional use. There is a variant of the family called PEKK, which is more efficient, with a different structure, since instead of 1 ketone and 2 ethers it has 2 ketones and 1 ether.

  • Breaking strain: high
  • Rigidity: high
  • Durability: high
  • maximum service temperature: 260 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): short
  • Density: average
  • Ease of printing: short
  • extrusion temperature: 470 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 120 - 150 ° C
  • UV resistance: High average
  • Water resistance: high
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: high
  • Fatigue resistance: high
  • Applications (example of use): bearings, piston parts, pumps, valves, compression rings cable insulation, and insulation of electrical systems, etc.

Polypropylene (PP)

El polypropylene It is a very common thermoplastic polymer, and partially crystalline. It is obtained from the polymerization of propylene. It has good thermal and mechanical properties. It is included within thermoplastic elastomers or TPE, such as Ninjaflex and the like.

  • Breaking strain: short
  • Rigidity: low, it is very flexible and soft
  • Durability: high
  • maximum service temperature: 100 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): high
  • Density: short
  • Ease of printing: middle-low
  • extrusion temperature: 220 - 250 ° C
  • heated bed required: Yes
  • bed temperature: 85 - 100 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: high
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: high
  • Applications (example of use): can be used for toys, bumpers, fuel bottles and tanks, microwave or freezer resistant food containers, tubes, sheets, profiles, CD/DVD sleeves and cases, laboratory microcentrifuge tubes, etc.

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)

El TPU or thermoplastic polyurethane It is a variant of polyurethanes. It is a type of elastic polymer and does not require vulcanization for processing, like other of these plastics. It is a fairly new material, having been first introduced in 2008.

  • Breaking strain: low-medium
  • Rigidity: low, great flexibility and elasticity, and soft
  • Durability: high
  • maximum service temperature: 60 - 74 ° C
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion (dilation): high
  • Density: average
  • Ease of printing: average
  • extrusion temperature: 225 - 245 ° C
  • heated bed required: no (optional)
  • bed temperature: 45 - 60 ° C
  • UV resistance: short
  • Water resistance: short
  • Soluble: No
  • Chemical resistance: short
  • Fatigue resistance: high
  • Applications (example of use): the famous silicone covers of smartphones are mostly made of this material (at least the flexible ones). It is also used to cover flexible cables, pipes and flexible hoses, in the textile industry, as a coating for some parts such as vehicle door knobs, gear levers, etc., shoe soles, cushioning, etc.

Resins for photopolymerization

resins for 3D printers

3D printers that they use resin, instead of filaments, like DLP, SLA, etc., they need a resinous liquid to create the objects. Also, just like with filaments, there is a lot of variety to choose from. Among the main categories are:

  • Standard: they are clear resins, such as white and gray colors, although there are also other shades such as blue, green, red, orange, brown, yellow, etc. It is excellent for creating prototypes or for small gadgets for home use, but not they are good for creating final products where higher quality is needed or for professional uses. The positive is that they have good finishes in terms of smoothness, they allow you to paint them. They can be good for toys or artistic figurines.
  • mammoth: they are not very frequent, although the finishes of these surfaces are not all bad. As its name suggests, these resins are designed to print pieces that are really large in size.
  • transparent: They are quite widespread for home use and also for industrial production as people love transparent parts. These resins are water resistant, ideal for small objects, with great quality, smooth surfaces and rigid.
  • Tough: These types of resins are very popular among professionals, such as for engineering applications, since they have more interesting properties than the standard ones. In addition, as their name suggests, they are harder or more robust.
  • high detail: It is a bit different from the normal stereolithography, since it is used in more advanced 3D printers such as the PolyJet. It works by injecting very fine jets in layers onto the build platform and exposing them to UV to harden it. The result is a perfect surface, with the highest level of detail, even if they are minute details.
  • medical grade: These resins are used for medical uses, such as creating implants such as personalized dental implants, etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of resin

As for the the advantages and disadvantages of resin, in front of the filaments, we have:

  • Advantages:
    • Better resolutions
    • Fast printing process
    • Robust and durable parts
  • Disadvantages:
    • More expensive
    • not so flexible
    • something more complex
    • Vapors or contact with them can be dangerous, as some are toxic
    • The number of models available is less than those of filament

How to choose the right resin

When choose the right resin For your 3D printer, you should look at the following parameters:

  • Tensile strength: this characteristic is important if the piece must resist tensile forces and a durable piece is required.
  • Elongation: If needed, the resin should give pieces capable of stretching without breaking, although the flexibility is not the best.
  • Water absorption: If the piece needs to resist water, you should observe the characteristics that the resin you have acquired has in this regard.
  • Finish quality: these resins allow smooth finishes, but not all of them have the same quality, as we have seen in the types. You will need to know if you prefer a cheaper resin, or a more expensive one with high detail.
  • Durability: It is important that the designs are resistant and last a long time, especially if they are used for cases, and other similar types of pieces.
  • Transparency: if you need transparent pieces, you should stay away from mammoth-type or gray/standard resins.
  • Costs: the resins are not cheap, but there is a wide range of prices to choose from, between some that are somewhat more affordable and others that are more advanced and expensive. You will have to evaluate how much you want to spend and choose the one that best suits your budget.

Other materials

metal 3d printer parts

Of course, until now we have been looking at materials that are mainly used in the home, although some that could be used for professional or industrial use have been detailed. However, there are other special materials for very specific applications and that they can only use the most advanced and expensive 3D printers used in companies.

Fillers (metal, wood,…)

There are also consumables of filling materials, mainly of wood and metal fibers. They are usually 3D printers for industrial use, and with somewhat more advanced systems, especially metal ones. These consumables are also not easy to find, since they are aimed at professional use.

composites

The composites or composite resins they are synthetic materials heterogeneously mixed to form compounds. For example, glass-reinforced plastics, or fibers, as well as the glass fibers themselves, Kevlar, zylon, etc. As for their applications, they can be used to create very light and strong parts, and even for motorsport, aviation, the aerospace sector, bulletproof vests and other military uses, etc.

hybrid materials

These types of materials combine organic and inorganic compounds to improve the properties of the materials used in its composition, making both complement each other and synergies arise. They can have very varied applications, such as optics, electronics, mechanics, biology, etc.

Ceramics

There are 3D printers that can use ceramics, as is the case with the alumina (aluminum oxide), aluminum nitride, zirconite, silicon nutrient, silicon carbide, etc. An example of these 3D printers is the Cerambot, which also has an affordable price for home use, among other industrial models. These types of materials have very good thermal, chemical and electrical (insulating) properties, which is why they are used for the electricity, aerospace, etc. industries.

Soluble materials (PVA, BVOH…)

The soluble materials, as their name suggests, are those (solutes) that, when in contact with another liquid (solvent), form a solution. In additive manufacturing some can be used such as BVOH, PVA, etc. BVOH (Butenediol Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer), like Verbatim's, is a water-soluble thermoplastic filament for FFF printers. PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) is another water-soluble filament widely used in 3D printing. For example, they can be used for part supports that you can then easily remove by dissolving in water.

food and biomaterials

Of course, there are also 3D printers capable of printing edible objects, with vegetable fibers, sugar, chocolate, proteins, and other types of nutrients. Biomaterials for medical use, such as tissues or organs, can also be printed, although this is still in the development phase. Obviously, many of these biomaterials are not commercially available, but are made ad-hoc for the laboratory. It is also not common to find groceries, although they are becoming more and more widespread in the professional catering sectors.

Concrete

Finally, there are also 3D printers capable of printing on construction materials such as cement or concrete. These types of printers usually have very large dimensions, capable of printing large architectural structures, such as houses, among others. Obviously, these types of 3D printers are not intended for home use either.

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