Wasu masu amfani Yi mamaki idan Rasberi Pi yana da BIOS ko UEFI, kamar sauran kwamfutoci, tunda UEFI, kamar yadda kuka sani, ana tallafawa akan kwamfutoci masu amfani da Arm, kamar yadda lamarin yake. wannan SBC ya shahara kuma mai arha. Amma gaskiyar ita ce, mutanen rasberi sun zaɓi wani madadin mafita.
Anan za ku koyi menene wannan mafita da kuma dalilan da ya sa ba ya amfani da wannan firmware, ban da nuna muku yadda ake yin wasu gyare-gyare akan Rasberi Pi lokacin da babu Saitin Menu kamar akan kwamfutoci...
Me yasa Rasberi Pi baya amfani da BIOS/UEFI?
Kamar yadda ka sani, da BIOS ko UEFI firmware ne wanda ke cikin ɗimbin kwamfutoci, duka kwamfutoci, kwamfyutoci, AIO, sabobin, wuraren aiki, da sauransu. Duk da haka, ba a kan Rasberi Pi ba, duk da kasancewa SBC (Kwamfutar Kwamfuta guda ɗaya), sabanin sauran x86 SBCs waɗanda ke amfani da wannan firmware don tsarin taya da duba tsarin. Kuma ba saboda Rasberi Pi yana tushen ARM bane, kamar yadda yawancin kwamfutocin ARM suma suna da BIOS/UEFI.
A gefe guda, dole ne a ce an tsara wannan firmware don haka taya mai sauƙi daga wurin ajiyar ajiya inda tsarin aiki yake, ban da ikon sarrafa wasu saitunan da yawa. A nan ne ya ba mu alamun dalilin da yasa Rasberi Pi baya amfani da BIOS. A gefe guda, saboda kawai yana iya taya na'urori daga matsakaici iri ɗaya, kamar katin SD, kuma ba ta wasu hanyoyi ba. Kuma a gefe guda saboda adadin abubuwan da ke kewaye da ayyuka a cikin Rasberi Pi sun fi iyakance.
Duk da haka, wannan ba cikakken dalili ba ne don amfani da BIOS ko UEFI. A gaskiya ma, idan muka yi nazari a hankali, da Raspberry Pi's ARM SoC yana amfani da firmware na ciki don taya CPU zuwa yanayin da ya dace da sauran tsarin ba tare da buƙatar guntu na BIOS daban ba. Amma ... to me yasa ba za ku iya samun dama ga Saitin BIOS ko menu na BIOS ba? A gefe guda, saboda wannan firmware yana da iyaka sosai, kuma ba mai rikitarwa kamar BIOS / UEFI ba, don haka menu don saita sigogi zai zama mara ma'ana, kuma a daya bangaren, saboda abin da aka ambata a baya, yana iya yin boot daga kawai. matsakaicin ma'auni na tsoho. , kamar yadda katin SD yake.
Masu haɓaka Rasberi Pi saboda wannan dalili sun gwammace su yi amfani da wannan asali na firmware don farawa da yin booting daga katin SD maimakon amfani da su. guntun rom tare da ƙarin hadaddun firmware da aka shigar akan PCB. Kuma shi ne, idan ka duba, na'urorin hannu ba su da BIOS / UEFI ko dai, tun da kawai za su iya taya Android (ko wani tsarin aiki), daga ƙwaƙwalwar ciki.
Ta wannan hanyar, a gefe guda, an adana ƙarin guntu a kan allo, a gefe guda kuma, an kawar da buƙatar haɗawa da ƙwaƙwalwar flash don ajiya. zai sa Rasberi Pi ya fi tsada. Dole ne ku sayi katin SD daban.
Koyaya, dole ne a faɗi cewa a cikin Rasberi Pi 3 an ƙara goyan bayan gwaji don taya daga USB media wanda dole ne a kunna shi a sarari kuma ba za a iya kashe shi ba. An haɗa wannan a cikin firmware na SoC na sabon sigar, amma wannan ya ɗan fi rikitarwa, wanda shine wataƙila dalilin da ya sa da farko suka yanke shawarar farawa da abubuwa masu sauƙi kuma suna amfani da booting kawai daga katunan ƙwaƙwalwar SD.
Menene Rasberi Pi yake amfani dashi a maimakon haka?
Rasberi Pi bashi da BIOS ko UEFI kamar yadda aka fahimta a duniyar PC, misali, amma yana da rufaffiyar tushen firmware a cikin SoC kamar yadda na ambata a sama. Kamfanin Broadcom ne ya tsara wannan guntu, wanda ke ba da BCMs ga waɗannan allunan Rasberi Pi Foundation.
en el SoC (Tsarin kan Chip) Yana haɗa ARM Cortex-A Series CPU, VideoCore GPU, DSP don sarrafa siginar dijital, ƙwaƙwalwar SDRAM da CPU da GPU ke rabawa, da masu sarrafawa kamar USB, da sauransu. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ROM wanda firmware da muke magana game da shi yana haɗawa kuma yana da mahimmanci don yin booting.
farawa hanya
da matakai Wannan firmware shine:
- Wannan firmware yana kulawa fara bootloader na tsarin aiki da ke kan katin SD. Kamar yadda ka sani, bootloader yana hawa ɓangaren FAT32 na katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar SD kuma ya tafi mataki na biyu na taya, wanda aka tsara a cikin SoC kuma ba za a iya canzawa ba.
- A mataki na biyu, fayil da aka sani da bootcode.bin, wanda aka shirya firmware na GPU kuma ya fara. Ana iya adana wannan fayil ɗin akan katin SD kawai, don haka ba za a iya canza fifikon taya kamar a cikin BIOS/UEFI na al'ada na PC ba, kuma daga can za'a taho ne kawai. Koyaya, kamar yadda na faɗa, akan Pi 3 ikon yin taya daga USB shima an ƙara gwaji.
- Sai kuma mataki na uku wanda ake amfani da shi na start.elf file, wanda ke farawa da CPU, da kuma wani file mai suna fixup.dat, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen samar da partition din da ake bukata a cikin SDRAM domin a fara amfani da shi. da CPU da GPU.
- A ƙarshe, ana aiwatar da lambar mai amfani, waɗanda yawanci binaries ne ko hotuna na masu aiwatarwa Kernel na Linux, kamar kernel.img, ko kuma daga wasu tsarin aiki da Rasberi Pi ke goyan bayan, kuma wannan shine yadda tsarin aiki yake tashi ta yadda zaka iya amfani da shi...
Kamar yadda kuka gani, tsari ne mai sauƙi, amma ɗan ban mamaki idan muka kwatanta shi da PC ko wasu kwamfutoci. Kuma shine, a cikin yanayin Rasberi Pi, maimakon fara CPU, kamar yadda a wasu lokuta, GPU takalma na farko. A gaskiya ma, wannan Broadcomo GPU zai kasance mai kula da aiwatar da wani nau'i na tsarin aiki a cikin SoC wanda yake da sauƙi, amma wajibi ne don aiki. An san shi da VCOS (Video Core Operating System), kuma zai sadarwa da Linux. Wannan abu ne mai wuya, amma gaskiyar ita ce, GPU na Pi ba kawai ke kula da zane-zane da farawa ba, har ila yau yana kula da agogon tsarin sarrafawa da sauti.
A ka'ida, bayan faɗin wannan, da alama akwai ɗan abin da za mu iya yi gyara saitin tayaAmma gaskiyar magana ba haka take ba. Kuma shine cewa akwai fayil mai suna config.txt wanda yake a cikin /boot/ directory na tsarin kuma idan an buɗe shi tare da editan rubutu, ana iya canza abun cikinsa cikin sauƙi don canza boot da daidaita shi tare da wasu sigogi. .
Este config.txt fayil GPU ne zai karanta shi bayan ya fara kernel na ARM, kuma yana ƙunshe da umarni don SoC don sanin abin da za a yi yayin boot ɗin tsarin. Misali, za mu iya canza ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da aka keɓe a cikinta, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, musaki damar shiga cache L2, canza tsarin CMA, kunna ko kashe LED na kyamara, canza zaɓuɓɓukan yanayin bidiyo, codecs, wasu zaɓuɓɓukan booting, overclocking, da sauransu.
Wannan fayil yana da a hadawa sosai musamman, don haka dole ne a mutunta don kauce wa matsaloli a farawa. Kuma idan kuna son ƙarin bayani game da shi, kuna iya karanta wiki da na bar muku a wannan link din.
Canza fifikon Boot akan Rasberi Pi
Lokacin da kuka canza tsarin taya ko fifiko akan PC duk abu ne mai sauqi qwarai, kawai ku shiga BIOS/UEFI, kuma a cikin Boot tab zaku iya samun sigogi waɗanda zaku iya bambanta don taya daga diski mai wuya, matsakaicin gani. , USB, network, da dai sauransu. Maimakon haka, akan Rasberi Pi ba shi da sauƙi sosai. Ta hanyar tsoho zai kori OS daga katin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar SD da aka saka a cikin SBC. A zahiri, ko da bayan sigar 3, idan an saka katin SD da sandar USB, tsarin zai fara farawa daga SD. Idan an cire SD kuma kebul ɗin kawai ya rage, to za a yi ta cikin kebul ɗin.
Amma ana iya canza wannan odar. don haka dole ne ku fara raspbian, alal misali, kuma kuyi haka:
- Bude saitin Rasberi Pi tare da umarni:
sudo raspi-jeri
- Je zuwa sashin "Advanced Options". (a lura, menu na Turanci ne)
- Sa'an nan, a cikin wannan sashe, danna ENTER akan zaɓin "Boot Order".
- Ya kamata a yanzu ganin zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban guda uku don zaɓar daga:
- Katin SD boot- Ta hanyar tsoho, an riga an kunna wannan zaɓi akan na'urar Rasberi Pi kuma idan kun saka katin SD da kebul a lokaci guda, tsarin zai yi amfani da katin SD azaman zaɓi na taya tsoho sai dai idan kun cire shi.
- usb boot: Idan kuna son amfani da USB azaman na'urar farko don yin booting, zaku iya zaɓar wannan zaɓi, wanda ke aiki lokacin da aka saka na'urar USB a cikin Rasberi Pi. In ba haka ba, bai kamata ka saka katin SD don taya tsarin ba.
- cibiyar sadarwa boot: Wannan zaɓin taya yana da amfani idan katin SD na Rasberi Pi baya aiki saboda wasu dalilai ko kuma idan akwai matsala tare da tsarin aiki. A wannan yanayin, zai yi amfani da kayan aikin Imager don sake shigar da tsarin zuwa katin SD.
Da zarar kun gama, za ku iya sake yi rasberi pi don amfani da canje-canje ...
Gano matsalolin Raspberry Pi (POST)
A ƙarshe, za ku san cewa a cikin BIOS/UEFI akwai wani mataki da ake kira POST wanda ake yi kafin boot ɗin tsarin aiki wanda zai duba halin da ake ciki daban-daban. Idan komai yayi daidai, zai fara OS. Amma idan ya gano wata matsala, sai ya tsaya ya nuna saƙon kuskure akan allon, ko kuma ya fitar da lambar ƙarar sauti don gane menene matsalar.
Wannan akan Rasberi Pi shima babu shi. Koyaya, firmware na SoC yana da hanya don ƙoƙarin nuna matsalolin da ka iya faruwa don ganowa cikin sauƙi. Kuma wannan ta hanyar wutar lantarki ta LED. Misali, ga Rasberi Pi 4, lambobin hasken da LED ke fitarwa don nuna matsaloli sune:
| dogon walƙiya | gajeriyar walƙiya | Status |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 3 | Babban gazawar yayin farawa |
| 0 | 4 | fara*.kai ba a samu ba |
| 0 | 7 | Ba a sami hoton kwaya ba |
| 0 | 8 | SDRAM gazawar |
| 0 | 9 | kasa SDRAM |
| 0 | 10 | a cikin HALT |
| 2 | 1 | Bangaren ba FAT bane (ba a tallafawa) |
| 2 | 2 | An kasa karanta bangare |
| 2 | 3 | wanda ba FAT tsawaita bangare |
| 2 | 4 | Hash ko sa hannu bai dace ba |
| 3 | 1 | Kuskuren SPI-EEPROM |
| 3 | 2 | SPI EEPROM rubuta kariya |
| 3 | 3 | Kuskuren I2C |
| 4 | 4 | Ba a tallafawa nau'in allo |
| 4 | 5 | m kuskuren firmware |
| 4 | 6 | Rubuta A Misfire |
| 4 | 7 | Nau'in B Misfire |