RTOS: menene ainihin tsarin aiki

Kwanakin baya na yi gabatarwa game da STRs, tsarin aiki don mutum-mutumi, kodayake ba ainihin OS ba ne kamar yadda aka fahimta a cikin kwamfuta, amma tsarin don na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Yanzu lokaci ne na RTOS, wanda shi ma ba tsarin aiki ba ne, sai dai nau'in tsarin aiki na musamman.

Waɗannan tsarin aiki suna da mahimmanci ga na'urori masu sakawa ko na'ura na kananan iya aiki, tun da yawanci ana sarrafa su. Bugu da ƙari, suna da mahimmanci a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu, don sarrafa yawancin matakai.

Menene RTOS?

Un RTOS (Tsarin Ayyukan Aiki na Gaskiya) Shi, kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, tsarin aiki na ainihi ne. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin aiki na raba lokaci a cikin cewa kuna aiki a cikin mahalli inda aka san sakamakon fitarwa bisa tushen tsarin, kuma yana faruwa a lokacin da aka sani. Sabili da haka, sun fi tsinkaya da kwanciyar hankali don sarrafa takamaiman ayyuka, kuma tsarin yawanci yana zama dindindin a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (a cikin tsarin raba lokaci, mai tsarawa yana ɗaukar kaya da saukewa daga babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar yadda ake buƙata).

de amfani, yi tunanin RTOS da aka yi amfani da shi don injin masana'antu akan layin taro. Zai kasance mai kula da aiwatar da software don tona sassa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Idan na'urar tsara tsarin aiki ba ta yi aiki a ainihin lokacin ba, da alama za ta yi aiki a lokuta masu ban sha'awa, wanda zai sa ba a yi aikin hakowa a kan lokaci ba ... Da yake ainihin lokaci, RTOS na iya gama aiwatar da shirin. a cikin lokacin X kuma maimaita aiwatar da shi don aiwatar da duk aikin hakowa akan lokaci.

Tabbas, kasancewarsa tsarin aiki, yana kuma raba tushen tushen kowane OS, wato, tsarin ne wanda zai iya. sarrafa kayan aikin kuma samar da jerin ayyuka ku apps.

Nau'in RTOS

Akwai da yawa iri Tsarin aiki na ainihi ko RTOS:

Hard Real-Lokaci: tsarin aiki ne mai tsauri, wanda dole ne a aiwatar da ayyukansa a wani takamaiman lokaci.
Soft RealTime: lokaci mai sauƙi, inda lokacin aiwatar da tafiyar matakai kusan ba za a iya rasa su wani lokaci ba, wato, ba shi da tsauri kamar na baya. Bugu da ƙari, an tsara su don waɗannan darussan lokaci suna ƙara ƙarami.
Firm Real TimeSSOOs na ainihi na ainihi wani nau'in ne wanda lokaci zai iya ɓacewa, amma jinkirin martani ba zai yi aiki ba.

Aikace-aikace na RTOS

RTOS tsari ne mai sauƙi, mara nauyi da ake amfani dashi don ƙayyadaddun tsari ko sauƙi, kamar na'urorin da aka haɗa. Wannan ya sa su zama cikakke ga aikace-aikace kamar:

sarrafa masana'antu.
Canza waya.
Kula da jirgin sama.
Simulators a cikin ainihin lokaci.
aikace-aikacen soja.
Kayan aikin gida.
Na'urori masu amfani da lantarki na asali.
Butun-butumi
Da dai sauransu.

Halayen RTOS

RTOS suna da adadin peculiarities wanda shine abin da ke ba su waɗannan fa'idodin fiye da sauran don waɗannan ayyukan gudanarwa masu sauƙi. Don fahimtar su da kyau, yana da muhimmanci a san jerin mahimman ra'ayoyi:

tsari ko aiki: ƙaramin shiri ne wanda ke gudana a layi daya da RTOS. Wannan tsari na iya yin ayyuka da yawa, daga sarrafa na'ura zuwa aiwatar da wasu ayyuka.
Aiki: Wannan shine sunan da aka ba wa lokacin da ake ɗauka don aiwatar da tsari.
Mai tsarawa: mai tsara tsarin RTOS yana ba ku damar sarrafa abubuwan fifiko da lokutan aiwatar da aiwatarwa. Kuma akwai manyan nau'ikan guda biyu:
- Hadin gwiwa: yana kiran matakan fifiko mafi girma da farko kuma idan tsarin ya ƙare ya kira wani ko, idan tsarin ya ɗauki lokaci fiye da yadda ake tsammani, ya kashe shi kuma ya kira na gaba.
- expropriative: Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci yana kiran tsari ta atomatik, amma wannan na iya haifar da kurakurai saboda rashin fifiko a cikin tsari ko dogaro. Don guje wa waɗannan matsalolin, an gabatar da manufar semaphores.
Hasken wuta: suna aiki daidai da na zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, suna sarrafa lokacin da ake aiwatar da tsari da gurgunta shigar da sauran hanyoyin kuma, idan ya bar albarkatun kyauta, yana ba da "hasken kore" don na gaba. shiga. Wasu RTOSes suna da semaphores da yawa, kowanne ƙayyadaddun ga albarkatun da aka raba.
Kasidu: ana amfani da su don sadarwa tsakanin matakai, a matsayin buffer, misali don ajiyar bayanan wucin gadi ko lokacin da akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke mayar da bayanai zuwa mai karɓa guda ɗaya.
Katsewa: suna aiki kamar na tsarin tsarin raba lokaci, amma a cikin RTOS akwai wasu abubuwan musamman. Ana amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan katsewa don sarrafa lokaci ta mai sarrafawa.

Misalai na RTOS

Idan kayi mamakin menene RTOS Tsarukan aiki wanzu, gaskiyar ita ce akwai adadi mai yawa, duka na mallakar mallaka da buɗaɗɗen tushe:

Arm OS: tsarin aiki da aka ƙera don Cortex-M, Cortex-R, Cortex-A, kuma mai lasisi ƙarƙashin lasisin Apache 2.0.
ecos: ƙarƙashin lasisin GNU GPL da aka gyara, wani tsarin aiki ne mai buɗewa don ARM-XScale-Cortex-M, CalmRISC, 680 × 0-ColdFire, fr30, FR-V, H8, IA-32, MIPS, MN10300, OpenRISC, PowerPC , SPARC, SuperH, da V8xx.
emboss: shine tsarin RTOS na mallakar mallaka, don IoT da aikace-aikacen da aka haɗa tare da ARM7/9/11, ARM Cortex-A/R/M, AVR, AVR32, C16x, CR16C, ColdFire, H8, HCS12, M16C, M32C, MSP430, NIOS2 gine-gine , PIC18/24/32, R32C, R8C, RISC-V, RL78, RH850, RX100/200/600/700, RZ, SH2A, STM8, ST7, V850, 78K0, da 8051.
FreeRTOS: ƙarƙashin lasisin buɗe tushen MIT, an yi niyya don haɗa shi tare da ARM, AVR, AVR32, ColdFire, ESP32, HCS12, IA-32, Cortex-M3-M4-M7, Infineon XMC4000, MicroBlaze, MSP430, PIC, PIC32, Renesas gine-gine H8/S, RISC-V, RX100-200-600-700, 8052, STM32, TriCore, da EFM32.
Fuchsia: Shahararren tsarin tushen budewa ne wanda Google ya kirkira kuma an tsara shi don aiki akan duka x86-64 da ARM64.
Hummingbirds: tsarin RTOS don x86 ƙarƙashin lasisin GNU GPL kyauta.
lynxOS: wani RTOS, amma wannan na mallakar mallaka ne, kuma ga gine-ginen da ba su da bambanci kamar Motorola 68010, x86/IA-32, ARM, Freescale PowerPC, PowerPC 970, da LEON. Bugu da kari, an tabbatar da POSIX.
neutrino: tsarin mallakar lokaci na ainihi don ARM, MIPS, PPC, SH, x86, da XScale.
Phoenix-RTOS: ƙarƙashin lasisin BSD mai izini, tare da goyan bayan ARMv7 Cortex-M, ARMv7 Cortex-A, IA-32, da RISC-V gine-gine.
QNX: mallaka, kuma ya shahara sosai. An tsara shi don tallafawa x86-64, ARM32, ARM64, da MIPS a baya, PowerPC, SH-4, StrongARM, XScale.
Linux: Ko da yake gabaɗaya ana amfani da shi a yanayin raba lokaci, kernel kuma yana iya aiki azaman ƙima ga RTOS don sakawa.
Windows CE y Windows 10 IoT: Microsoft kuma yana da waɗannan nau'ikan tsarin aiki na yau da kullun.
Zephyr: ƙarƙashin lasisin Apache 2.0 akwai kuma wannan hanyar buɗe RTOS don ARM (Cortex-M, Cortex-R da Cortex-A Series), x86, x86-64, ARC, RISC-V, Nios II, Xtensa, da SPARC .

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