Anoshanda gudzazwi - chii ichocho?

Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezvake anoshanda gudzazwi, kana kana usati uchiziva kuti chii, apa unogona kunzwisisa zvishoma nezve rudzi urwu rwechigadzirwa. Uyezve, izvi Zvemagetsi zvigadzirwa iwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune yakawanda maseketi, nekuti iwo anoshanda kwazvo kune kuwanda kwekushandisa.

Kutenda kwavari, zviratidzo zveanalogog zvinogona kugadziriswa, kuwanda kwemabasa navo, enzanisa, nezvimwe. Nhasi varipo mumatunhu mazhinji aunoshandisa mazuva ese, kusanganisira bhodhi rako. Arduino...

Chii chinonzi chinogonesa chinoshanda?

El op amp pfungwa yaizoonekwa muna 1947. Dzakatanga kuvakwa pachishandiswa machubhu emuchina ekushandisa mumakomputa ekutanga eanalogog Kutenda kwavari, zvakakosha masvomhu mashandiro anogona kuitwa, senge kuwedzera, kubvisa, kuwanda, kupatsanura, kutora, kubatanidza, nezvimwe. Nekudaro ivo vanonzi "anoshanda" amplifiers ...

Kusvikira 1964, nekuda kwevakakurumbira Fairchild Semiconductor, yekutanga monolithic inoshanda gudzazwi yakavakirwa padunhu rakabatanidzwa, sezvavari kugoverwa nhasi, yaisazosvika. Raive basa reinjiniya Robert John Widlar, uye yakamakidzwa μA702. Kubva ipapo yaizoshanduka kuenda ku741 μA1968, bipolar chip iyo yave iri standard indasitiri.

Aya anoshanda anowedzera (anozivikanwawo seOp Amp), michina inokwanisa kuita kuwanda kwemabasa zvichienderana nekuiswa kwezvinhu zvinotevera zvemagetsi. Zvinhu izvi zvichabatanidzwa pini dzayo 5 (pini):

• - kuisa: ndiyo inverting yekuisa.
• + yekuisa: ndiko kupinda kwakananga, ndiko kuti, asiri-investor.
• goho: kubuda.
• + Ndima: ndiko kudyisa kwakanaka.
• -Ndima: is negative kudyisa.

Mumidziyo iyi vamwe chaiwo mamiriro kuti iwe uzive. Semuyenzaniso:

• Ikozvino hakuna kupinda / kusiya iyo inverting uye isiri-inverting pini nekuti iyo impedance pakati pezviviri haina magumo (mune yakanaka op amp).
• Iko kusiyanisa kuwana mune yakanaka imwe zvakare ichave isingaperi, kunyangwe mukuita hazvigoneke, nekuti kana kuzadzikiswa kwasvika, iyo yekuburitsa voltage inoramba iri yenguva dzose.
• Musiyano uripo pakati pekuisa inverting uye isiri-inverting inofanirwa kunge iri zero.
• Kubudirira kwepamusoro. Asi zvine mwero, ndokuti, zvichave zvakafanana mune zvese zvinowaniswa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinoburitswa zviri zero kana zvese zviri zviviri zvikadyiswa nezviratidzo zvakaenzana uye zvakaenzana polarity
• Yakanyanya yakakwira yekupikisa kuramba, uye yakadzika kwazvo kuburitsa kusagadzikana.
• Kunge chero imwe amp amp, ivo vanokwanisa kusvika kune yavo yekuzadza poindi. Panguva iyoyo, chiratidzo chekuburitsa hachizoramba chichiwedzera kunyangwe mutsauko pakati pemasaini ukadaro.
• Iyo bandwidth zvakare haina muganho mune yakakodzera kesi, asi mune chaiyo kesi hazvigoneke. Izvi zvinoratidza huwandu hwenzvimbo iyo basa rakapihwa rinochengetwa rakarurama.

Uye sekuratidzwa kwezita rayo, op amp chishandiso chinogona wedzera chero mhando yechiratidzo (voltage kana simba), ese ari maviri achichinjisa azvino uye akananga zvazvino. Uye izvo zvakakwana kuti tiite kuwanda kwekuita zvinoenderana nekugadziriswa kana nzira dzatinozoona muchikamu chinotevera ...

Nzira dzekushanda

Chinhu chakanaka nezve op amp ndechekuti inogona zvigadziriswe munzira dzakasiyana saka unogona kushanda zvakasiyana:

Investor

An amp amp inogona kushanda sevharidziro yemagetsi investor uye kwete investor. Paunoita izvi se inverter, iyo inobuda voltage iri muchikamu kupesana neyekuisa voltage (pachinzvimbo cheiyo chikamu senge mune asiri-inverters).

Zvakare, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti ivo vanogona kushanda vese ne zvazvino kuenderera pamwe nekuchinjisa zvazvino murudzi urwu rwekugadzirisa. Muchiitiko che AC, capacitor C1 ichabatanidzwa mune dzakateedzana uye pamberi peR1 chete.

Mune ino kesi, iyo kuwana inogona kuverengerwa nefomula:

A_v = - R₂ /R₁

Paunenge uchigonawo verenga kuramba iyo inosangana nekuisa uye pasi ne:

R₃ =R₁ R₂ /R₁ +R₂

Kwete investor

Anoshanda gudzazwi kwete investor inozopihwa simba neiyo isiri-inverting yekuisa, uye chiratidzo chekuburitsa chiri muchikamu neicho chekuisa. Mune ino kesi inogona zvakare kushanda mune ino gadziriso yeDC se AC, ichiwedzera mune yechipiri kesi maviri ma capacitors, C1 mune yakananga yekuisa, uye C2 dzakateedzana pakati peR1 nevhu.

Mune ino kesi, iyo purofiti inoverengerwa zvakasiyana:

A_v = R₁ +R₂ /R₁

Ipo iyo chechitatu kuramba ichiri kuverengerwa neiyo fomula yakafanana neye inverter ...

Voltage inowedzera

An op amp inogona kushandiswa ku sanganisa masaini input kubva kwakasiyana masosi. Rudzi urwu redunhu rinoshandisa zvinowaniswa zvinoverengeka (kusvika pamakumi gumi, kunyangwe paine matatu chete mumufananidzo).

Zvinoitika apa ndezvekuti iyo amperage yakaenzana neuwandu hwenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzezvishandiso (sekumisikidzwa nemutemo waKirchhoff):

I_i = Ini₁ + Ini₂ + Ini₃

Imwe yeaya masimba, kushandisa iyo Mutemo waOmm, zvinoenderana ye:

I₁ = V₁ /R₁

I₂ = V₂ /R₂

I₃ = V₃ /R₃

Sezvo iko iko iko iko kusimba iko kune kukosha kwakafanana uye kuri kwechiratidzo chakapesana kune iyo kuburitsa ikozvino, zvinogona kutariswa kuti:

I_i = - ini_o

Naizvozvo, zvinogona kutariswa kuti iyo goho voltage zvichazova:

V_o = Ini_o R₄ = -I_i R₄

Mune ino kesi, zvakare kuwedzera capacitors inogona zvakare kushanda ne AC ...

Voltage inobvisa

Mune ino kesi, iri musiyano gudzazwi iyo inoumbwa neyemari uye asiri-investor. Inogona kushandiswa kubvisa kushandura uye kutenderera mafashama, zvichave zvakakwana kuisa kana kubvisa iwo ma capacitor mune akateedzana neanopokana nezvaanoshandisa.

Mune ino kesi, iyo goho voltage zvichazova:

V_o = V_o1 +V_o2 =R₄ /R₁ (V_o1 +V_o2)

Muenzanisi

Mune kumisikidzwa senge muenzanisi, huwandu huviri hwerudzi rwumwe chete rwechiratidzo huchaenzaniswa uye chiratidzo chinoburitsa chinoratidza kana kukosha kwezvekushandisa zvakafanana kana kuti kwete. Ndokunge, zvinotevera zvinogona kuitika:

Kana V_i1 <V_i2  iyo V kubuda_o zvichave zvakanaka.

Kana V_i1 > V_i2  iyo V kubuda_o zvinenge zvisina kunaka.

Iwe unofanirwa kuyeuka kuti kana iro dunhu richishandiswa mu kuvhura chiuno (isina mhinduro inodzivisa), ichaita senge muenzanisi wemagetsi.

Zvimwe zvinongedzo

Unogona gadzira dzimwe nzira Kune aya anoshanda anowedzera simba, ubatanidze iwo mukukwikwidza, uye kunyange kutsiva zvinodzivisa ne potentiometers kuti zviite zvinowedzerana kuwana zvinowedzera, semubatanidzi, chinobva, sevashanduri, kune logarithmic uye exponential mabasa, hwindo muenzanisi, nezvimwe. Asi izvi hazviwanzo kuitika pane zvandakatsanangura pamusoro ...​

Applications

ari mafomu yeaya op amp anogona kuve akawanda. Unofanira kunge wakashandisa. Muchokwadi, ivo varipo mune mamwe mabhodhi ekuvandudza, mumadhijitari ekuverenga, mune ekuridza sisitimu mafirita. pasi pasi, bandwidth, anoshanda mafirita, oscillators), mune preamplifiers uye odhiyo / vhidhiyo mabhainda, mune ma regulator, ma converters, level adapters (semuenzaniso CMOS-TTL,…), chaiwo ekugadzirisa, kudzivirira iko kurodha mhedzisiro, nezvimwe.

Su zvinoshanda Imhaka yekuti vanogona kushanda sevatarisi vechiratidzo, vateveri vemagetsi, vasiri-inverting amplifiers, inverting adder, seinverting adder, seyekubatanidza, shunt, yazvino-kune-magetsi inoshandura, ye logarithmic kana exponential mabasa, seDhijitari / Analog vashanduri, nezvimwe.

Mazhinji anoshandiswa anoshanda ekuwedzera

Kana iwe uri mugadziri kana iwe urikuita imwe mhando yeiyo DIY chirongwa, iwe zvirokwazvo uchazoda kuziva zvimwe zvacho inonyanya kufarirwa op amp mamodheru. Semuyenzaniso:

• μA709M
• LM741
• LM1458
• LM358N
• LM324
• LF353-N
• Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
• Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
• OP07
• MA4238
• Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
• LM339
• CA 3130
• CA 3140
• TL071
• TL082
• IC747