Integrated circuits: chii, kusiyana neakadhindwa uye nezvimwe

ari maseketi akabatanidzwa, machipisi, microchips, IC (Yakabatanidzwa Circuit) kana CI (Yakabatanidzwa Circuit), kana chero chaunoda kuvadaidza, imhando yemaseketi emagetsi akaita kuti kufambire mberi kwehunyanzvi kusvika kumatanho azvino. Pasina kugadzirwa uku, komputa uye kufonerana zvingave zvisiri izvo zvavari, uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvingave zvakasiyana.

Pasinei nehukuru hwavo hudiki, uye kuti vari kwese kwese, aya masekete akabatanidzwa anovanda mashura makuru ekuwana. Pano unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peizvi Zvemagetsi zvigadzirwa...

Chii chinonzi masekete akabatanidzwa?

ari maseketi akabatanidzwa mapadhi esemiconductor yakavharidzirwa uye ine rekodhi rekodhi rekodhi. Zvichienderana nemhuri inonzwisisika kwavari, maseketi aya anozove akaumbwa akasiyana miniaturized emagetsi zvikamu. Somuenzaniso, vanogona kuva diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, nezvimwewo.

Kuvonga kwavari zvave zvichibvira kukudziridza zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano uye kutanga nguva itsva yakapiwa kubatanidzwa kukuru kwavanobvumira. Asi izvo, mamwe emazuva ano epamusoro machipisi anogona kubatanidza kusvika kumabhiriyoni ematransistors mufa inongori mashoma mamirimita sikweya.

Nhoroondo yemachipisi

Pakutanga, zvemagetsi zvakatanga kushandisa rough mavharuvhu zvakafanana nemagirobhu emwenje. Mavharuvhu aya akanga akakura, asingashande zvakanaka, aipisa chaizvo, uye aitsemuka nyore, saka zvakanga zvakakodzera kutsiviwa neaya akapeperetswa kuitira kuti makombiyuta nemimwe midziyo yaiva nawo irambe ichishanda.

En 1947 yaizouya kugadzirwa kwe transistor, chidimbu chaizotsiva mavharuvhu ekare uye chaizochinjawo zvemagetsi. Kutenda kwaari zvakagoneka kuve neyakaomeswa mamiriro mudziyo, inopikisa zvakanyanya, inoshanda, uye nekukurumidza kupfuura mavharuvhu. Nekudaro, vamwe vakafunga kuti vanogona kubatanidza akati wandei ezvinhu izvi kuita imwechete silicon chip. Aya ndiwo masikirwo akaitwa masekete ekutanga akabatanidzwa munhoroondo.

Nekufamba kwenguva, yakasimba mamiriro emagetsi akashanduka uye akadzikisa saizi yezvikamu, pamwe nekudzikisa mitengo. Mukupera kwema50, mugadziri weTexas Instruments anonzi Jack Kilby, zvakauya kwaari kuti agadzire semiconductor chip uye imwe wiring yaibatanidza zvikamu zvakasiyana. Iyi yakava chip yekutanga munhoroondo, uye aizoenda kuhwina Mubairo weNobel wayo.

Zvinenge zvakafanana, Robert nocePanguva iyoyo, mushandi weFairchild Semiconductor (akazotevera mumwe wevatangi veIntel), akagadzirawo mudziyo wakafanana, asi aine mabhenefiti makuru pamusoro peKilby's. Noyce aive agadzira pfungwa yaizopa nzira kumatunhu anhasi akasanganiswa. Iyi tekinoroji yainzi planar, uye yaive nemabhenefiti pamusoro peKilby's mesa tekinoroji.

Kubva ipapo, haina kumira shanduko nekuvandudzwa kwezvikamu izvi. Mitengo yadzikira, sezvakaita hupfumi hwemafuta uye saizi, ukuwo kuita nekuita kwakawedzera kunaka. Hapana rimwe danho rakashanduka zvakanyanya, uye hapana rimwe danho rakave nemhedzisiro yakakura kudaro pavanhu ...

Anoitwa sei?

Maitiro a kugadzirwa kwemasekete akabatanidzwa zvakaoma zvikuru. Zvisinei, sezvinoonekwa muvhidhiyo, inogona kupfupikiswa mumatanho mashoma akareruka kuitira kuti vanhu vanzwisise kuti zvinoitwa sei.

Apa ndichaedza pfupikisa matanho ekugadzira zvakanakisa zvinogoneka, pasina kudzika zvakanyanya, sezvo zvaizopa zviuru zvezvinyorwa:

1. Iva chikamu chechinodiwa, chikumbiro chaunoda kugadzira dunhu remagetsi.
2. Chikwata chedhizaini chinotarisira kutsanangura hunhu uye zvirevo izvo chip inofanirwa kuve nazvo.
3. Zvadaro, dhizaini ichatanga kushandisa magedhi emufungo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekurangarira, nezvimwe, kudzamara dhizaini yaitwa inovandudza basa rakagadzirirwa chip.
4. Mushure meizvi, ichapfuura nemunhevedzano yematanho pakati peipi bvunzo uye simulation inoitwa kuona kuti inoshanda nemazvo padanho repfungwa, uye kunyangwe machipisi ebvunzo anogadzirwa kuti aone kana achizviita nemuviri.
5. Kamwe danho rekugadzira rapera, akatevedzana masikisi ekugadzira anogadzirwa kubva pakurongeka kwedunhu rakagadzirwa. Chimiro chakanyorwa pavari kuitira kuti chigone kunyorwa pasilicon.
6. Iyi pateni inoshandiswa neyakagadzirwa kana fekitori, kugadzira maseketi akabatanidzwa mune semiconductor wafer. Aya mawafer anowanzo aine anosvika mazana maviri kana mazana matatu machipisi mune dzimwe nguva.

Izvi zvinosvika padanho rekugadzira, kubva rutivi rwekugadzira, iva:

1. Iyo silicon mineral inowanikwa kubva kujecha kana quartz.
2. Kana ichinge yanatswa kuti ive yekupedzisira-yakachena, kana EGS (Electronic-Giredhi Silicon), ine mwero wekuchena wakakwira kupfuura iyo silicon inoshandiswa mune mamwe maindasitiri.
3. Iyi EGS inosvika mumhando yezvidimbu panheyo, iyo inonyungudutswa mu crucible uye kuburikidza nekristaro yembeu inogadzirwa kuti ikure uchishandisa nzira yeCzochralski. Kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa, zvakafanana nemabatirwo akaitwa candy candy pamafairs, unosuma kamuti (mbeu yekristaro) nekotoni (yakanyungudutswa silicon) inonamatira uye inowedzera muhuwandu.
4. Pakupera kwedanho iroro, mhedzisiro ingot, chidimbu chikuru chemonocrystalline silicon crystal muchimiro checylinder. Iri bhari rinochekwa kuita mawafer matete zvikuru.
5. Aya mawaferi anoenda kuburikidza neakatevedzana maitiro ekupuruzira pamusoro kuti arambe asina kusvibiswa kwekutanga kugadzirwa.
6. Mushure mezvo, aya mawafer anozopfuura akati wandei anodzokorora maitiro ekugadzira machipisi paari. Aya maitiro ndeemhando yemakemikari emuviri, senge photolithography, etching kana etching, epitaxial kukura, oxidation, ion implantation, nezvimwe.
7. Pfungwa yekupedzisira ndeyekugadzira zvinhu zvemagetsi, kazhinji ma transistors, pawafer substrate, uye wobva wawedzera mitsara yekubatanidza zvakataurwa zvikamu kuti zvigadzire magedhi emagetsi muchikamu chakaderera, zvino muzvikamu zvinotevera magedhi aya akabatanidzwa kuita zvidimbu zvekutanga (adder, marejista, ...), mumatanho anotevera anoshanda mayuniti (ndangariro, ALU, FPU, ...), uye pakupedzisira ese akabatana kugadzira dunhu rakazara, semuenzaniso, CPU. Pachipi chepamusoro panogona kuva nezvikamu makumi maviri.
8. Mushure memaitiro ese aya, anogona kutora mwedzi yakati wandei kuti apedze, mazana emasekete akaenzana achawanikwa kune yega yega. Chinhu chinotevera kuyedza uye kucheka iwo, ndiko kuti, apatsanure kuita ega silicon chips.
9. Iye zvino zvavanenge vasununguka vanofa, tinoenderera mberi nekuvhara (DIP, SOIC, PGA, QFP, ...) apo chip yakachengetedzwa uye mapadhi akabatanidzwa, ayo ari maitiro ekufambisa pamusoro, ane mapini edunhu rakabatanidzwa. .

Sezviri pachena, haasi ese akabatanidzwa maseketi akafanana. Pano ndataura nezve mayuniti anoshanda uye zvakanyanya kuomarara zvinhu seCPU, asi kune zvakare akareruka maseketi se555 timer kana IC ine 4 logic magedhi ari nyore kwazvo. Ivo vanongove nezvikamu gumi nemaviri uye vanozobatanidzwa nechikamu chimwe kana mashoma esimbi yekubatanidza ...

Mhando dzeICs

Iko hakuna mhando imwe chete, asi yakawanda marudzi emasekete akabatanidzwa. Iwo akatanhamara aunogona kuwana ndeaya:

• Digital integrated circuits: ane mukurumbira, uye anoshandiswa mumidziyo yakawanda yemazuva ano, kubva kumakomputa, kuenda kune nharembozha, Smart TV, nezvimwe. Iwo anoratidzirwa nekushanda zvichienderana nedhijitari system, kureva, ne0 uye 1, ne0 ichive yakaderera voltage chiratidzo uye 1 ichiva chiratidzo chepamusoro. Aya ndiwo maitiro avanoita ruzivo uye kushanda. Mienzaniso inogona kuva PLCs, FPGAs, ndangariro, CPU, GPU, MCU, etc.
• Analog: panzvimbo yekuve yakavakirwa pamabhinari masaini, mune ino kesi iwo anoenderera zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana mumagetsi. Nekuda kweizvi, ivo vanogona kuita mabasa akadai sekusefa, kuwedzera chiratidzo, dhizaini, modulation, nezvimwe. Ehe, masisitimu mazhinji anoshanda neese analogi uye dhijitari maseketi, achiita kushandisa AD / DA converters. Ivo vanogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru, mutsara wakabatanidzwa maseketi uye radio frequency (RF). Mienzaniso inogona kunge iri chip yekusefa odhiyo, maamplifiers, emission kana yekugamuchira masisitimu emagetsi mafungu, masensa, nezvimwe.
• Musanganiswa chiratidzo ICs: Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, iwo musanganiswa wezvose. Mimwe mienzaniso inogona kunge iri analog-digital kana digital-analog converters ivo pachavo, mamwe machipi ewachi, nguva, encoder / decoder, nezvimwe.

Misiyano nemasekete akadhindwa

Masekete akabatanidzwa haafaniri kuvhiringidzwa nemasekete akadhindwa. Zvose zvinhu zvakasiyana. Nepo yekutanga ichitaura nezve microchips, sezvawaona, masekete akadhindwa, kana PCBNdiwo mamwe marudzi emagetsi emagetsi anodhindwa pamahwendefa makuru.

ari kusiyana zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvi:

• Masekete akadhindwa: inoumbwa nendiro ine maitiro ekuitisa mitsara, yakadai semhangura yemhangura yekubatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaiswa zvikamu (capacitors, transistors, resistors, microchips, ...), inotengeswa ne tin soldering, kuwedzera kune dielectric. zvinhu ( substrate ) inoparadzanisa zvidimbu zvekubatanidza zvinobatanidza. Ivo zvakare vanowanzove nemaburi, kana vias, kune asiri-pamusoro pegomo (SMD) zvikamu. Kune rumwe rutivi, ivo vanowanzova nengano, nhevedzano yemamaki, mavara uye manhamba kuti vaone zvikamu uye kufambisa kugadzirisa. Kuchengetedza mhangura, iyo oxidizes nyore, ivo vanowanzova nepamusoro pekurapa. Uye, kusiyana nemasekete akabatanidzwa, anogona kugadziriswa, kutsiva zvikamu zvakakanganisika kana kudzoreredza zvinobatana.
• Integrated circuitsIwo madiki muhukuru, akasimba mamiriro, uye ane mutengo wakaderera wekugadzirwa kwakawanda. Kusiyana nePCB, izvi hazvigone kugadziridzwa sezvo zvikamu zvadzo uye zvinongedzo zviri zvidiki zvakanyanya zvekuti hazvigoneke.

Hapana maseketi akabatanidzwa anotsiva maseketi akadhindwa kana zvakasiyana. Vese vane mashandisiro azvo uye kazhinji vanoenda pamwechete mukushandisa zvinoshanda ...

Anonyanya kufarirwa akabatanidzwa maseketi

Pakupedzisira, pane zvakawanda yakakurumbira zvikuru integrated circuits vashandi vemagetsi mapurojekiti, akadai seaya zvine musoro masuo. Iwo akachipa, uye anogona kuwanikwa nyore muzvitoro zvakaita seAmazon kana specialized electronics. Semuenzaniso, heano mamwe eanonyanyozivikanwa:

• 75 yakakurumbira ICs kit kubva kuInterstellar Electronics
• Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa..
• 10 ICs yeanozivikanwa NE555 timer.
• Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa..