Kune mhando dzinoverengeka dzevanoshandura. Izvi zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakakosha kwazvo kune zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano, uye ivo vaimiririra budiriro yekufamba kubva kune vhuvhu-yakavakirwa zvemagetsi kuenda kune yakasimba-nyika-yakavakirwa zvemagetsi, zvakanyanya kuvimbika uye kudzikira kwesimba simba. Saizvozvo, Mosfet Ivo anoshandiswa mune akawanda machipisi kana akasanganiswa maseketi, kunyangwe iwe uchigona zvakare kuawana iwo akadhindwa wedunhu mabhodhi ezvimwe zvimwe zvinoshandiswa.
Zvakanaka, zviri sei? chakakosha semiconductor chishandiso, Ndiri kuenda kuzokupa zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve iri basa resainzi neinjiniya inotibvumidza kugadzira maseketi akawanda uye ayo akavandudza hupenyu hwedu munzira dzakawanda.
Chii chinonzi transistor?
Izwi transistor inouya kubva kuchinjisa-resistor, uye yakaumbwa muna 1951, kunyangwe muEurope maive muine patents uye budiriro maAmerican asati aunza dhizaini yekutanga, kunyangwe iyi iri imwe nyaya ... Panguva iyoyo vaitsvaga mudziyo unobva pasimba rakasimba, semiconductor inogona kutsiva isina kuchena uye isina kuvimbika mavharuvhu emagetsi akaumba makomputa uye mamwe emagetsi emagetsi enguva iyoyo
ari mavharuvhu kana machubhu emuchina Iine chivakwa chakafanana neakajairwa mwenje mabumba, uye nekudaro chakapiswawo. Ivo vaifanirwa kutsiviwa kazhinji kuchengetedza michina ichimhanya. Uye zvakare, yaipisa, uye izvo zvinoreva kuti vakatambisa huwandu hwesimba muchimiro chekupisa nekuda kwekusashanda kwavo. Naizvozvo, iwo aisashanda zvachose uye anga achinyanya kuda kutsiva.
Zvakanaka, mu AT & T Bell Labs, Williams Shockley, John Bardeen naWalter Brattain ivo vakadzika kuzoshanda kugadzira iyo semiconductor chishandiso. Chokwadi ndechekuti vaive vaomerwa nekuwana kiyi. Chirongwa ichi chakachengetwa chakavanzika nekuti zvaizivikanwa kuti chimwe chinhu chakafanana chiri kusimukira muEurope. Asi Hondo Yenyika II yakayambuka, uye protagonists vaifanira kuenda kuhondo. Pakudzoka, ivo zvaive zvakavanzika kuti vatowana mhinduro yacho.
El prototype yekutanga ivo vakagadzira yaive yakashata kwazvo, uye yakaratidza zvakakomba dhizaini dhizaini. Pakati pavo, yaive yakaoma uye yakaoma kuhukuru-kugadzirwa. Uye zvakare, yaishandisa zvikamu zvegoridhe zvakaita kuti zvidhure uye chipepa dzimwe nguva chaimbomira kusangana ne semiconductor crystal, saka yakamira kushanda uye yaifanira kusundidzirwa kuti itangezve kusangana. Chokwadi ndechekuti zvishoma zvakagadziriswa neichi chigadzirwa, asi zvishoma nezvishoma ivo vaive vachivandudza uye mhando nyowani dzakabuda.
Vakanga vatova nechinhu chemagetsi che yakasimba nyika uye diki kudzikisa saizi yeredhiyo, maalarm, mota, makomputa, materevhizheni, nezvimwe.
Zvikamu uye mashandiro
Iyo transistor inoumbwa nemapini matatu kana vanobatana, ayo anozoita kusangana nawo nharaunda nhatu kusiyanisa semiconductors. Mune bipolars idzi nzvimbo dzinodaidzwa kunzi emitter, base uye collector. Kune rimwe divi, mune unipolar, senge MOSFET, ivo vanowanzodaidzwa kunzi sosi, gedhi uye dhurena. Iwe unofanirwa kuverenga iwo madhatasheets kana macatalog zvakanaka kuti uzive maitiro ekuziva mapini avo zvakanaka uye kwete kuvhiringidza iwo, nekuti mashandiro anoenderana nazvo.
La gonhi kana chigadziko Inoita sekunge chiri switch, kuvhura kana kuvhara ndima yezvino pakati pemamwe mativi maviri. Aya ndiwo mashandiro awo. Uye zvichibva pane izvi, zvinogona kushandiswa pamabasa maviri akakosha:
- Basa 1: Inogona kuita kupfuudza kana kucheka masaini emagetsi, ndiko kuti, sekuchinja kwemagetsi emagetsi. Izvi zvakakosha kune iyo binary kana dhijitari system, nekuti nekudzora gedhi (riine 0 kana 1), iwe unogona kuwana imwe kukosha kana imwe pane zvayakaburitsa (0/1). Nenzira iyoyo magedhi ane pfungwa anogona kuumbwa.
- Basa 2: inogona zvakare kushandiswa, kune analogog yemagetsi, sema signal amplifiers. Kana kusimba kudiki kuchisvika pachigadziko, inogona kushandurwa kuita hombe pakati pevatoreri uye emitter iyo inogona kushandiswa sekuburitsa.
Mhando dze transistors
MOSFET zviratidzo N uye P
Kamwe iko kwekutanga kushanda uye zvishoma nhoroondo yayo zvaonekwa, nekufamba kwenguva ivo vakagadziriswa uye vagadzire ma transistor akagadziridzwa kune yakasarudzika mhando yekushandisa, zvichipa kusimuka kune vese mhuri mbiri idzi idzo dzine mhando dzinoverengeka:
Rangarira kuti iyo N zone irudzi rwe semiconductor yakasunganidzwa neasina kuchena, ndiko kuti, pentavalent makomponi (phosphorus, arsenic, ...). Izvi zvichavatendera kuti vasiye maerekitironi (-), sezvo vazhinji vanotakura vari maerekitironi, nepo iwo mashoma ari maburi (+). Muchiitiko che P zone, inopesana, ruzhinji richava maburi (+), ndosaka ichidanwa kudaro. Ndokunge, vanozokwezva maerekitironi. Kuti zvibudirire izvi, inodhonzwa pamwe nemamwe machena ekugamuchira, ndiko kuti, trivalents (aluminium, indium, gallium, ...). Kazhinji iyo base semiconductor inowanzo kuve silicon kana germanium, kunyangwe paine mamwe marudzi. Dhopeti inowanzo kuve yakadzika kwazvo madhizaini, pahurongwa hweatomu imwe yezvisina kuchena kwemaatomu zviuru zana ezviuru emamononductor. Pane dzimwe nguva, nzvimbo dzinorema kana dzakakwenenzverwa zvakanyanya dzakadai seP + kana N + dzinogona kuumba, idzo dzine atomu 100.000.000 yekusachena pagumi rimwe chete.
- BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor): ndiyo bipolar transistor, inonyanya kujairika. Mune izvi iwe unofanirwa kubaya base yazvino kuti utonge iko iko iko iko iko iko kuunganidza. Mukati mune mhando mbiri:
- NPN: Seizvo zita rayo rinoratidzira, ine semiconductor zone doped kuve yerudzi N kuti iite semitter, imwe yepakati P sechigadziko, uye imwe yemuteresi zvakare yerudzi N.
- PNP: mune ino ndiyo imwe nzira yakatenderedza, hwaro huchave hwerudzi N, uye maviri asara erudzi P. Izvo zvinoshandura zvachose maitiro emagetsi uye mashandisiro ainoita.
- FET (Munda Mhedzisiro Transistor): munda unoita mutserendende, uye musiyano wayo unonyanya kuzivikanwa kubva kuBJT ndiyo nzira yainoshandiswa nayo neinodzora terminal. Mune ino kesi, kutonga kunoitwa nekuisa voltage pakati pegedhi nekwaanobva. Mukati merudzi urwu pane akati wandei madiki:
- JFET: iwo eFET junction ari kupera, uye ane chiteshi kana semiconductor zone inogona kuve yerimwe mhando kana imwe. Zvinoenderana neizvozvo, vanogona kuvezve:
- Chiteshi N.
- Kubva kuchannel P.
- Mosfet: chirevo chayo chinobva kuMetal oxide Semiconductor FET, yakatumidzwa zita nekuti nhete yakatetepa yesilicon dioxide inoshandiswa pasi pekubata kwemusuwo kugadzira munda unodikanwa iyo iyo nzira yazvino kuburikidza negero yayo inogona kudzorwa kuti pave nekuyerera pakati sosi uye mupi. Iyo chiteshi inogona kuve yerudzi P, saka pachave nematsime maviri N ekudonha uye sosi; kana N-mhando, iine maviri e-P-mhando matsime enzvimbo uye dhureni. Iwo akatosiyana nezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, mune ino kesi iwe unogona kuva:
- Deplection kana kupera simba:
- Chiteshi N.
- Kubva kuchannel P.
- Yakawedzerwa kana kuvandudzwa:
- Chiteshi N.
- Kubva kuchannel P.
- Zvimwe: TFT, CMOS, ...
- Deplection kana kupera simba:
- JFET: iwo eFET junction ari kupera, uye ane chiteshi kana semiconductor zone inogona kuve yerimwe mhando kana imwe. Zvinoenderana neizvozvo, vanogona kuvezve:
- Zvimwe.
ari misiyano inoenderana nekuvakwa kwemukati kwenzvimbo dze semiconductor mumwe nomumwe…
Mosfet
Un Mosfet inokutendera iwe kubata yakakura mitoro, iyo inogona kubatsira kune mamwe maseketi neako Arduino, sezvaunozoona gare gare. Muchokwadi, zvakwakanakira zvinoita kuti zvive zvinobatsira kwazvo mune zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano. Inogona kuita sechiwedzeredza kana chinja chinodzorwa nemagetsi. Kune yega yega mhando yeMOSFET yaunotenga, iwe unotoziva kuti iwe unofanirwa kuverenga iyo dhatasheet kuti uone zvivakwa, sezvo zvisina kufanana.
Musiyano uripo pakati peimwe ye chiteshi N uye P es:
- Chiteshi P: Kugonesa chiteshi P kuti ipfuure zvazvino, isina kunaka voltage inoiswa pagedhi. Kunobva kunofanirwa kuve kwakabatana neyakajeka magetsi. Ziva kuti mugero uri pagedhi wakanaka, nepo matsime emvura uye sosi yakaipa. Nenzira iyi iyo yazvino "inosundirwa" kuburikidza negero.
- Channel N: Mune ino kesi, yakanaka voltage inoshandiswa pasuwo.
Mwanakomana zvinhu zvakachipa kwazvosaka unogona kutenga mashoma akanaka kwavari pasina muripo mukuru. Semuenzaniso, heano mamwe kushambadzira aunogona kutenga muzvitoro zvine hunyanzvi:
- Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa..
- N chiteshi MOSFET transistors.
- Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa..
- Heatsinks.
Kana iwe uchizoishandisa kune masimba epamusoro ichapisa, saka zvingave zvakanaka kushandisa a heatsink kuti itonhorere zvishoma…
Kubatanidzwa naArduino
MOSFET inogona kuve inoshanda kudzora zviratidzo neako arduino bhodhi, saka, inogona kushanda nenzira yakafanana neiyo iyo ataure module, Kana uchirangarira. Muchokwadi, maMODFET ma module anotengeswawo kune Arduino, sezvazviri ne Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa., imwe yevakakurumbira. Neaya ma module iwe unotova neiyo transistor yakaiswa pane diki PCB uye zviri nyore kushandisa.
Asi haisi iyo yega yaunogona kushandisa neArduino, kune zvekare zvimwe zvakajairika senge iyo IRF520, IRF540, iyo inobvumidza maficha ezita e9.2 uye 28A zvakateerana, zvichienzaniswa ne14A yeiyo IRF530.
Kune akawanda mamodheru eMOSFET anowanikwa asi havasi vese vanokurudzirwa kushandisa zvakananga ne processor yakaita Arduino nekuda kwekukamurwa kwemagetsi uye kusimba mune zvainobuda.
Kana iwe ukashandisa iyo IRF530N module, kuisa Muenzaniso, unogona kubatanidza chinongedzo chakaratidzirwa SIG pabhodhi nechimwe chembambo pabhodhi Arduino UNO, senge iyo D9. Wobva wabatanidza GND neVcc kune dzinoenderana pane iyo Arduino bhodhi, senge GND uye 5v mune iyi kesi kuti isimbise.
Kana ari code Zvakareruka izvo zvinodzora chirongwa ichi chakareruka chingave chinotevera, izvo zvazvinoita kuita kurega kuburitsa mutoro upfuure kana kwete ese mashanu masekondi (mune yedu chirongwa ingangove mota, asi inogona kuve chero chaunoda .. .):
onst int pin = 9; //Pin donde está conectado el MOSFET
void setup() {
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT); //Definir como salida para controlar el MOSFET
}
void loop(){
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH); // Lo pone en HIGH
delay(5000); // Espera 5 segundos o 5000ms
digitalWrite(pin, LOW); // Lo pone en LOW
delay(5000); // Espera otros 5s antes de repetir el bucle
}