La ishishini lemveliso likhula ngokukhawuleza kunalo naliphi na elinye icandelo. Oku kungenxa yokuba imisebenzi yasefektri yeminye yemisebenzi embalwa eseleyo engathatyathelw’ indawo ziirobhothi okanye iikhompyutha. Ukwenziwa kwemveliso kukwangomnye wamacandelo ambalwa aseleyo anenani elibalulekileyo lemisebenzi ye-blue collar engafuni ulwazi oluninzi lobugcisa.
Ngenxa yoko, siyabona ukuba abantu abaninzi kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo ngebebetyhalelwe kwelinye icandelo ngoku bakhetha ishishini lokuvelisa. Ngako konke oku kukhula, Kungokwemvelo ukuzibuza ukuba ikamva lisiphathele ntoni kweli shishini. Yeyiphi imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ngabavelisi? Loluphi utshintsho ekufuneka lwenzeke ukuze abavelisi bahlale bekhuphisana kwaye befanelekile? Eli nqaku liza kuphendula le mibuzo kunye nangaphezulu ukuze ulungele into elandelayo kwihlabathi lemveliso.
imbali yoshishino
La Imbali yoshishino inde njengaleyo yempucuko yabantu. Enyanisweni, kunokuxoxwa ukuba impucuko ngokwayo isisiphumo sokunyuka kwesidingo soshishino. Ngokomzekelo, xa abantu bazinza baza baqalisa ukulima, kwafuneka iindlela ezintsha zokwakha, ukulima nokugcina ukutya kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, kwaveliswa izinto ezifana nekhuba, umatshini wokuluka kunye nevili. Zonke ziyimizekelo yeendlela zokuqala zoshishino. Ukusukela oko abantu baququzelela kwaye bezenzela imveliso ukwenza iimpahla, baye benza izixhobo ezintsha kunye noomatshini bokuyenza. Eli candelo liquka amanqanaba ahlukeneyo oshishino kwimbali yonke, ukusuka kumatshini kunye namandla omphunga ukuya kwiikhompyuter kunye ne-automation.
Ishishini 1.0: Oomatshini kunye namandla omphunga
La Icandelo 1.0 Yaphenjelelwa kukuveliswa kwenjini yomphunga. I-injini yomphunga yinto yokuqala eyavumela oomatshini ukuba bavelise amandla aneleyo ukuze babenze ukhetho olusebenzayo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso. Kwakhona kuxa kwaqala ixesha lokusetyenziswa koomatshini, nto leyo esisiphelo esisengqiqweni sayo nayiphi na inguqulelo kwezoshishino. Xa unako ukunika amandla oomatshini ngomphunga, bakhulu kwaye bantsonkothe ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Zikwazodwa ngakumbi, njengoko kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukwenza isiqwenga ngasinye ngesandla. Ukuveliswa kwesixhobo sokuluka esizisebenzelayo ngumzekelo omhle wale nto. Ekuqaleni, intambo yokuluka yayisebenza ngezandla zomluki omnye. Kamva, kwasetyenziswa i-injini yomphunga ukuze kusetyenziswe umatshini wokuluka ukuze kuveliswe ilaphu elingakumbi ngaxeshanye. Lo ngumzekelo wokusebenza koomatshini.
Ishishini 2.0: umbane, imveliso yobuninzi kunye nomgca wokuhlanganisa
La Icandelo 2.0 Yasizisela igridi yamandla, eyavumela amashishini ukuba aqhube ngamandla aqhubekayo kwaye athobe iindleko zokuvelisa umbane. Oku kwenza ukuba iinkampani zikwazi ukuqhuba iifektri zazo iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku. Umbane ukwanike amandla oomatshini abatsha kunye nezixhobo ezinjengeenjini, izibane kunye neefeni. Imveliso eninzi yeyona nto ibeka i-Industry 2.0 kwimephu. Ukuveliswa kobuninzi ngumgca wendibano eyenza into efanayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Yaqanjwa nguHenry Ford, umseki weshishini elikhulu leemoto. UFord waqonda ukuba ixesha kunye nemali inokongiwa ngokulungelelanisa inkqubo yokwenziwa kweemoto. Kunokuba akhe inqwelo-mafutha nganye ngesandla, wayalela abasebenzi ukuba bakhe isiqwenga esinye senqwelo-mafutha ngexesha, baze basifudusele kwesinye isikhululo ukuze omnye umsebenzi aqhoboshele kuyo yonke inqwelo-mafutha. Le nkqubo yavumela abasebenzi ukuba bangachithi ixesha betshintsha iinxalenye. Ikwavumela uFord ukuba bakhe iimoto ngokukhawuleza, ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nenkunkuma encinci.
Ishishini 3.0: ikhompyutha kunye ne-automation
Njengoko iikhompyuter zavela, zafumana ukusetyenziswa okuninzi ishishini 3.0. Kwasetyenziswa iikhompyutha ukwenza izixhobo, oomatshini nezinto ezintsha. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukulawula nokulawula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Iirobhothi zemizi-mveliso bezikho ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Njengoko iikhompyuter ziye zahambela phambili kwaye zithembekile, zasetyenziselwa ukulawula iirobhothi ezininzi kwiifektri zemoto kunye nezalukiweyo. Xa iikhompyutha kunye neerobhothi zisetyenziswa kunye, kubizwa ngokuba yi-automation. Ukuzenzekela yinkqubo yokusebenzisa iikhompyutha kunye neerobhothi ukuqhuba imigca yemveliso. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa inani labasebenzi abafunekayo ukuqhuba umzi-mveliso okanye inkqubo. I-automation inoxanduva lokulahleka kwemisebenzi kwimveliso. Ukunyuka kwe-automation kubangele ukuba abasebenzi abaninzi baphulukane nemisebenzi kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiindawo ezithile ezinjengokwenziwa kwamalaphu kunye neemoto, apho iirobhothi zikwazi ngokulula ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi ebeqhele ukuyenza abasebenzi.
Yintoni i-Industry 4.0?
La Umzi mveliso 4.0, eyaziwa ngokuba yinguqu yesine yezoshishino, ngumbono ochaza ukuvela kwemveliso kwihlabathi elikhulayo ledijithali. Ngelixa umbono unokuba mtsha, itekhnoloji eyenza icala le "hardware" sele ikhona ixesha elide. Eli gama laqanjwa ngo-2011 ziinjineli zaseJamani kunye nezazinzulu zekhompyuter ezazifuna ukuchaza indaleko elandelayo yokuvelisa. Ukuba sijonga kwicala "lesoftware", ayicacanga ukuba uguquko lwenzeka nini. Nangona obu bugcisa bebunathi ixesha elithile, khange baqalise ukwenza impembelelo kude kube mva nje. Oku kungenxa yokuba obu bugcisa bekufuneka bamkelwe ngobuninzi babavelisi phambi kokuba bubaluleke ngokwaneleyo ukuba bubizwe ngokuba luhlaziyo. Injongo yale ngcamango kukusebenzisa ithuba lokwenziwa kwedijithali kwaye kupheliswe iingxaki zayo.
iirobhothi kwimveliso
Enye yezona teknoloji zibonakalayo zivela kwiminyaka yakutshanje zirobhothi. Iirobhothi ziye zasetyenziswa kwimveliso kangangamashumi eminyaka, kodwa inkqubela yale mihla iyenze yasebenza ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Nangona iirobhothi zokuqala zemizi-mveliso zaziswa ngo-1961, iteknoloji yaqhubela phambili ngokucothayo. Kwakungekho de kwango-1990 apho iteknoloji yerobhothi yaqala ukuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo. Iirobhothi ezihlakaniphile sele zikhona ishumi leminyaka, nangona lo mbono usetyenziswa kuphela kwimveliso kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ezi robhothi "zikrelekrele" kuba zinokucwangciswa ukuba zifunde idatha evela kwi-sensor kunye ne-scanner, kwaye zenze izigqibo ezinolwazi ngokusekelwe kule datha. Itekhnoloji yerobhothi ikhule ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye le nkqubela phambili kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke.
ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kwimveliso
Nangona iirobhothi zilungile ukwenza imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo kunye nemisebenzi abantu abangenako ukuyenza, ayiloncedo xa kufikwa ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinzima. Kulapho ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa bungena khona. Isoftware ye-AI ilungile ngokwenene ekujonganeni nedatha enzima kwaye iyisebenzise ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi. Nangona i-AI ibiyinxalenye yemveliso amashumi eminyaka, ukwamkelwa kwayo kuye kwacotha. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo yokuqala esekelwe kwi-AI yokuvelisa yaziswa kwi-1964, kodwa ayizange isetyenziswe ngabavelisi abaninzi kude kube ngo-1990. Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-AI kulindeleke ukuba zixhaphake ngakumbi kwiminyaka ezayo, kunye namazinga okwamkelwa okulindelekileyo. ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-60% ngo-2017 ukuya kuma-85% ngo-2022. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-AI isuka ekubeni isetyenziswe ekwenzeni izigqibo ukuya ekuncedeni abasebenzi ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo.
Inyani eyandisiweyo kwimveliso
Inyani eyongeziweyo yenye itekhnoloji esele ikho ixeshana, kodwa isandula ukuqalisa ukwenza impembelelo enkulu kwimveliso. Enye yeenzuzo ezinkulu zenyaniso eyongeziweyo kukuba inokunceda abantu basebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Abantu balungile ekubekeni phambili imisebenzi kwaye basebenzela iinjongo, kodwa abakho kakuhle ekuqhubeni idatha. Yiyo loo nto abasebenzi abaninzi besebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nespredishithi kunye nogcino-lwazi. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo zinokuba nzima ngedatha eninzi. Kwakhona kunokuba nzima ukuhlaziya xa idatha yongezwa okanye isusiwe. Izisombululo zokwenyani ezongeziweyo zinceda ukunciphisa le meko, kuba zivumela abasebenzi ukuba bafikelele kwimiboniso entsonkothileyo ngeekhompyuter zabo, iitafile okanye ii-smartphones. Ibavumela ukuba bajonge ukubonwa kwedatha entsonkothileyo ngendlela eyenza kube lula ukuyiqonda nokusetyenziswa.
IoT kwimveliso
I-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT) yinethiwekhi yezixhobo ezinokuthumela kwaye zifumane idatha kwi-Intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukuba isixhobo sinokuthumela idatha kwikhompyuter yakho, okanye ikhompyuter yakho inokuthumela idatha kwisixhobo. Umzekelo wale nto ngumatshini wekhofi ovumela ukuba utshintshe ixesha kunye nomhla xa i-alamu ihamba. Le datha ingaba nantoni na ukusuka kwiqondo lokushisa langoku lesixhobo ukuya kwinani leentengiselwano ze-PayPal ezenziwe namhlanje. Olu lwazi lunokuba luncedo ekuchongeni iingxaki ngesixhobo, njengenxalenye ephukileyo kumatshini wekhofi. Kwakhona kunokuba luncedo ukuqonda indlela isixhobo esisetyenziswa ngayo. Umzekelo wesixhobo se-IoT kwishishini lokuvelisa iimitha zombane. Ezi zixhobo zingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubungakanani bombane osetyenziswa ngumatshini okanye iqhekeza lesixhobo.
Ukuprintwa kwe-3D kwimveliso
Ushicilelo lwe-3D yinkqubo apho umatshini wenza into ene-dimensional emithathu usebenzisa imathiriyeli ebekwe phezu komnye. Le nkqubo sele ikhona amashumi eminyaka, kodwa iye yavela kancinane kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Enye yenkqubela phambili enkulu kukuba abashicileli be-3D banokudala izinto ngentsimbi, into eyayinzima ekuqaleni. Le teknoloji kulindeleke ukuba ikhule ngakumbi kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiminyaka ezayo. Uluntu ngokubanzi luya kuqala ukubona iimveliso eziprintiweyo ezininzi ze-3D njengoko iteknoloji ifikeleleka ngakumbi.
Uhlalutyo ngeDatha enkulu
Okokugqibela, sinohlalutyo olukhulu lwedatha, ekulindeleke ukuba lubaluleke ngakumbi kwishishini lemveliso. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezi zisombululo zikuvumela ukuba uhlalutye inani elikhulu ledatha kwaye uchonge iintsingiselo kunye neepateni ngaphakathi kwedatha. Le datha inokuba lulwazi malunga nabathengi bakho, njengexesha lemini abanokuthi bathenge imveliso. Isenokuba yidatha enxulumene neemveliso zakho kunye nomgca wakho wokuvelisa. Ngokomzekelo, usenokuba nomatshini ovelisa iimveliso ezili-100 ngosuku, kodwa uthengise ezili-10 kuphela. Ngohlalutyo olukhulu lwedatha, unokuchonga oko kungangqinelani kwaye ufumanise indlela yokuyilungisa.