Yenza eyakho ikhamera yomngxuma

La iphini yokufota inabaphulaphuli, kwaye ngenxa yoku kufuneka isixhobo okanye ikhamera eneempawu ezithile kwaye yahlukile kuleyo yekhamera eqhelekileyo. Ukuba ucinga ngokudala ikhabethe elenziwa ekhaya okanye unomdla wokwazi olu hlobo lwesixhobo, siza kuchaza yonke into ngokweenkcukacha kwesi sikhokelo. Zombini ziyintoni na ikham pinhole kunye nenkqubo yokuzenzela inyathelo ngenyathelo ngenyathelo.

La Ikhamera yephini Inye engenazo iinkqubo zamehlo ezinjengezinye iikhamera, oko kukuthi, ayinazo iilensi okanye iinjongo ezisekwe kukukhanya kokukhanya. Endaweni yoko, banomngxunya onoxanduva lokwenza umfanekiso. Lo mngxunya waziwa njengephini kwaye wenza umfanekiso ubonakale ukhetheke ngokuhambisa loo nto yokukhanya.

Umlando omncinci

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iikhamera zisandula ukwenzeka, imbali yolu hlobo lwenkqubo ibuyele kwi-500 BC, xa AmaGrike uAristotle kunye noEuclid babhale malunga nendalo "yeekhamera zemingxunya." Babengenazo iikhamera okanye izixhobo zolo hlobo, ewe, kodwa babona into enomdla xa ukukhanya kudlula kwezinye iisiliti okanye amalaphu afana neebhasikiti okanye amaphepha alukiweyo amagqabi ngelo xesha.

Emva kwexesha inzululwazi yesiNgesi egama lingu UDavid brewster, nguye owaqala ukuziqhelanisa neefoto zokuqala ezaziwayo. Oko kuyakwenzeka nge-1850s, ngelo xesha uBrewster ngokwakhe waqulunqa igama elithi pinhole, elikwasetyenziswa ngesiNgesi ukubhekisa kwiikhamera zemingxunya. Ukusukela ngoko, kancinci kancinci ibisasazeka kwaye ikhula kude kube namhlanje ...

Iingcamango zekhamera yakho yepini:

Inyaniso yokuba ikhamera ye-pinhole ayifuni iilensi eziphambili okanye izixhobo ezinje nge-CCD okanye ii-CMOS sensors zeekhamera zale mihla, yenza kube lula ngakumbi yenza ikhamera eyenziwe ekhaya ngexabiso eliphantsi, izinto zemihla ngemihla kwaye ngokulula njengoko siza kujonga apha.

Ukwakha ikhamera kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Apha siza kuchaza indlela elula nexabiso eliphantsi yokwenza, kodwa sikunika ezinye izimvo ukuze uphucule uyilo ukuba uyafuna:

• Endaweni yokusebenzisa ibhokisi yekhadibhodi, unokwenza ibhokisi enomthi kwaye uyikroloze ngaphandle kokuthanda kwakho kwaye uyile uyilo olufana ne- ikhamera yeklasi ukukunika Ukuchukumisa iidiliya Uyilo lwakho. Isiseko sinokufana kuyilo oluboniswe apha, kodwa ezo zihombiso ziya kuyenza ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi.
• Ukuba uyabala kunye umshicileli 3D, oko kuya kuba kuhle, kuba unokwenza eyakho ikhompyuter uyilo ngendlela othanda ngayo emva koko uyiprinte ngeplastiki ngeprinta yakho ye-3D ukuyenza ngcono. Unokulinganisa ubume bekhamera endala okanye eyala maxesha, kwaye udale imilo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwikhamera (elinganisa incwadi, isikali seTV, itranki encinci,…). Lukhetho lwakho olo ...
• Unokusebenzisa nayiphi na enye into nantoni na oyifunayo, enje ngesinyithi, iphepha-mâché, njl.

Ukumnika a uyilo olunomtsalane Ayizukusebenza njengekhamera kuphela, kodwa njengesihombiso.

Izinto eziyimfuneko:

Ukuze wenze ikhamera yakho yokuqala ye-pinhole awuyi kufuna ukuphuma kwemali enkulu, kodwa inokwenziwa izinto ezihlaziyiweyo kwaye ngexabiso eliphantsi esinalo sonke ekhaya:

• Omnye ibhokisi encinci yekhadibhodi okanye ikhadibhodi enkulu onokuyisonga uze uyincamathisele ukwenza imilo yebhokisi evaliweyo.
• Un Ifoto reel entsha 35mm. Iifoto zakho ziya kufakwa kuyo ukuze emva koko uziphuhlise kamva.
• Un esetyenzisiweyo reel 35mm esiya kuyisebenzisa njengesixhobo sokukhupha umtya omtsha we-reel.
• Omnye Iphepha lesinyithi, ezinje ngefoyile yealuminiyam yasekhitshini, ipleyiti encinci, okanye nesoda engenanto ukusika isinyithi. Ukuba usebenzisa i-foil foil, lumka ukuba ungayicimi, ii-creases ziya konakalisa yonke into.
• Iteyiphu emnyama yombane. Kubalulekile ukuba mnyama.
• Inaliti yokuthunga ibhityile ngokusemandleni okanye i-awl okanye i-lace ukubhoboza isinyithi. Ububanzi obufanelekileyo yi-2mm malunga. Incinci, ibukhali imifanekiso iya kuba, nokuba inokubonakala kungenjalo ...
• Isikere kunye nokusika ukusika.
• Iglu yekhadibhodi ukuba ukhethe ukuyila ibhokisi enamakhadibhodi ngokwakho. Sele uyazi ukuba xa usebenzisa olunye uhlobo lwezixhobo, ezinje ngomthi, kufuneka usebenzise iglu efanelekileyo, njengeglu yomchweli, njl.
• Ipensile, umakishi kunye lawula ukwenza imilinganiselo yokusika.
• Mnyama iroli engacimekiyo.

Ngaloo nto uya kuba nayo yonke into oyifunayo ukwenza ikhamera yephini njengoko kubonisiwe kwicandelo elilandelayo ...

Uyenza njani ikhamera ye-pinhole:

Ngoku siya kuyilo olusisiseko onokulusebenzisa ukwenza iprototype yakho yokuqala kwaye uyiphucule ngezimvo esikunika zona kwicandelo elidlulileyo. Inkqubo ye- Inkqubo yenyathelo ngenyathelo :

INYATHELO 1: Sika i-foil yesinyithi

Kuqala siya usike ifoyile yentsimbiNokuba ivela kwifoyile yealuminium (khumbula ukuba ungayicimi) okanye usike isuntswana lesinyithi kwisoda. Ukuba iyisoda, yenza umngxunya ngaphezulu kwaye ufake incam yesikere ngayo kwaye usike isikwere esimalunga ne-2.4 × 2.4cm. Isika ngokulula.

Emva koko, ngenaliti, ngentambo okanye i-awl, yenza umngxunya omncinci esiphakathini. Ayifanelanga ukuba inkulu, khumbula ukuba ngumngxunya omncinci nje wokukhanya ukuze udlule kwaye usebenze njengelensi yekhamera.

INYATHELO 2: Lungisa ibhokisi

Ungayenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukuba ukhethe ukuyila ngokwakho ibhokisi yekhadibhodi Ngenxa yokuba ungayifumani ibhokisi yesiko, ungayisika kwaye uyihlanganise ibhokisi. Kodwa ukuba ufumene ibhokisi yento osanda kuyithenga, ungasebenza ngqo nayo. Imilinganiselo kufuneka ilungile ukuze ikwazi ukuhlala ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kunye nomngxuma ophakathi wesinyithi. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ibe nemilinganiselo ethile ...

Khumbula ukuba kufuneka igqunywe kakuhle ukuze kungangeni kukhanya ngaphezulu kokungena emngxunyeni kwikhamera yethu. Ke ngoko, qiniseka ukuba isiciko sivale kakuhle. Ukuba akunjalo, ungayitywina ngetape yombane ukunqanda ukukhanya kungangeni kwisiciko. Okomzuzwana kufuneka uyiyeke ungatyhilekanga ukuze uqhubeke nokusebenza kuyo. Ngokusisiseko kubuso bobunye bayo kufuneka wenze ukuvulwa okuncinci kwe1x1cm njengoko kunokubonwa emfanekisweni. Leyo iya kuba yinjongo yethu.

Enye into enokwenzeka kukusebenzisa ibhokisi yematshisi Akunanto, kwabakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwii-reels ngokucacileyo azilingani, kodwa ziya kunamathela emacaleni ebhokisi. Ukwenza oku, ungasusa "ibhokisi" engaphakathi kwebhokisi yematshisi kwaye igcine imatshisi kwaye ishiye umzimba webhokisi kuphela. Kuzo zombini iziphelo ubeka ii-reels ngendlela yokuba isondo linokuhamba ukusuka kolunye usiya kolunye udlula kwibhokisi kwaye kwelinye icala lebhokisi uya kuwusika umngxunya ukongeza iphepha lesinyithi ...

INYATHELO 3: Qhoboshela ilens kunye neshutter

Yibeke isinyithi kwiphepha langaphakathi lebhokisi eyenziwe ngekhadibhodi (umfanekiso 1), yilungise ngetape yombane (umfanekiso 2) ngaphakathi, uqiniseke ukuba awugqumi umngxunya kumbindi. Emva koko siza kufaka i-shutter yethu yasekhaya ngaphandle (umfanekiso 3), sinokusebenzisa nje isiqwenga seteyipu yokugquma egubungela ukukhanya okugqitha emngxunyeni wetshati. Ungasebenzisa isiqwenga sekhadibhodi esigqunywe ngeteyipu emnyama kwaye usincamathisele emacaleni ngale theipi. Vala umphezulu wesinyithi kangangoko unakho ngetheyiphu ukunqanda ukubonakaliswa okunokubakho.

beka ifayile ye- isitya encanyathiselwe kumazantsi endawo, kwaye ke xa uyivula iya kujinga ngobunzima bayo. Ukuba uyibeka kwindawo ephezulu kuya kufuneka uyibambe rhoqo ngexesha lokuvezwa kwaye inokungonwabi. Khumbula kwakhona ukuba xa itheyiphu ilahla iglu yayo kwaye ingasasebenzi, kuya kufuneka uyihlaziye. Okanye ukuba ukhetha, ungasebenzisa esinye isixhobo esisigxina esifana nehenjisi encinci kunye nokuvalwa ngomthi okusebenzayo okanye okwenziwe ngeprinta ye-3D, njl.

Olunye uluvo kukusebenzisa iphepha lekhadibhodi elinomngxuma wokudlulisa umfanekiso kwiphepha lesinyithi, njengemifanekiso engentla. Tepa iiphelo zekhadibhodi kumzimba webhokisi ehambelana nomngxunya kunye nephepha lesinyithi kwaye unqumle ukusikwa kwekhadibhodi esinokuyifaka phakathi kwekhadibhodi ebunjiweyo kunye nephepha ukuvala okanye ukuvula i-shutter yethu kamnandi ngakumbi.

INYATHELO 4: Beka iphepha lemifanekiso okanye i-spool

Ngoku lixesha lokubeka imathiriyeli esiza kuthatha ngayo umfanekiso. Ukuba mnye reel, Beka i-spool esitsha kwicala lebhokisi. Kuya kufuneka usebenze ebumnyameni ukuze ingatyhileki. Thatha isiqwenga sengcongolo uze usincamathelise kwivili elidala okanye elidala, ukuze ukwazi ukuguqula isondo elidala ukuze ukhuphe isondo elitsha ukuze lidlule kwindawo engumbindi apho liya kuprintwa khona ngokukhanya okungena kuvulo lwendawo isitya.

Ndiyathetha, kufuneka linganisa inkqubo yekhamera eqhelekileyo, ushiya i-spool entsha ecaleni, udlula isiqwenga sesipololi kumbindi webhokisi yekhadibhodi kwaye kwelinye icala usebenzise i-spool endala engenanto njengendlela yokuqengqeleka nokugqithisa i-spool entsha njengoko ufota ... Ungasebenzisa iipleyiti ezimbini ezisetyenziselwa ukuvula iinkonkxa zesoda njengezibambo zerili nganye kwaye zingaphandle kwebhokisi yekhadibhodi ukuze zikwazi ukujikeleza zivela ngaphandle ... Khumbula ukuba ukukhanya akufuneki kungene.

Kwimeko yokusebenzisa iphepha lokufota, inkqubo iya kufana, kuphela ukuba kuya kufuneka uncamathele iphepha ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ebhokisini, oko kukuthi, ngokuchaseneyo nelinye elineplate ukuze ukukhanya kubethe iphepha okanye ispool ngqo kwaye ke oko krolwa.

INYATHELO 5: Vala ibhokisi

Vala isiciko sebhokisi nje ukuba zonke izinto zimi kakuhle. Khumbula ukunqanda ukukhanya ngaphakathi ukuze ifilimu ingazibonakalisi okanye yonakalise iifoto. Ukuba isiciko asivali ngokufanelekileyo, sebenzisa iteyiphu yombane ukutywina izikhewu.

Indlela yokuthatha ifoto:

ukuba Thatha umfanekiso, ilula, landela nje la manyathelo:

1. Beka ikhamera ye-pinhole indawo ezinzileyo nethe tyaba ujolise kwimbonakalo yomhlaba okanye nantoni na ofuna ukuyibamba. Unokufumana i-tripod yokuyithatha naphi na apho ufuna khona. Kubalulekile ukuba umile ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yoluvo lwekhamera, kungenjalo ifoto ayizukuphuma kakuhle.
2. Ngoku kuza esona sinzima, kuba kuya kufuneka ulinge leliphi elona xesha lilungileyo lokuvezwa yeyakho. Kukho iikhamera ezisebenzisa iphepha lokufota endaweni yeefoto ezirekhodayo. Kwimeko yephepha lokufota, ixesha lokuvezwa linokuba yimizuzu embalwa, kodwa kwimeko yefilimu iyakhawuleza kwaye imizuzwana embalwa iya kwanela. Oko kukuthi, ndikucebisa ukuba uzame ezinye iifoto kuqala kwaye ubone xa uziphuhlisa ukuba yeyiphi ekhangeleka ngcono. Bhala phantsi ephepheni amaxesha owathathileyo nganye nganye ze emva koko, lelona liphume ngeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo, uya kuba sele ulazi elona xesha lilungileyo lokuvezwa. Khumbula ukuba kuxhomekeke kwi-ISO yefilimu okanye kwi-reel, inokutshintsha. Umzekelo, kwi-ISO 400 inokuhamba ukusuka kwimizuzwana emi-2 ukuya kweli-12, ngelixa i-ISO 100 inokuphindaphindwa ngesine, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwimizuzwana esi-8 ukuya kwengama-48, njalo njalo. Ndikucebisa ukuba uzame ukukhanyisa okwahlukileyo, umzekelo, ukuba uthatha ifoto ngaphandle, ayizukufana naphakathi endlwini okanye ukuba kukho izibane ezibonisa ukukhanya, njl.njl. Kungenxa yeso sizathu la maxesha emizuzwana eyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kukukhanya okukuyo. Wenziwa njani lo mboniso? Jonga inyathelo 3 ...
3. Umboniso wenziwa ngokulula uvula i-shutter flap esidale ukuba ukukhanya kungene emngxunyeni kwishiti yesinyithi esiyenzileyo kwaye sayiprinta kwi-spool sakho sokufota. Kuya kufuneka ulumke ungangcangcazelisi okanye ushukumise ikhamera. Ukuba ufuna ukubeka imifanekiso emininzi kwinxalenye efanayo yefilimu, oko kukuthi, kwifoto efanayo, ungashiya ifilimu njengoko kunjalo kwaye uvale i-shutter, walatha komnye umfanekiso ofuna ukuwubamba kunye nokubeka phambili ngaphambili , vula i-shutter kwaye ubuye ulinde ixesha lokuvezwa. Kodwa khumbula ukuba kubalulekile ukuyivala ngaphambi kokuba uhambise ikhamera kwithagethi elandelayo ...
4. Emva kwexesha lokuvezwa, vala i-shutter flap kwakhona. Umfanekiso bekufanele ukuba sele ubanjiwe kwi-spool okanye kwiphepha lokufota.
5. Ungasebenzisa ii-reel rolls ukuya ukugoba isondo entsha kule indala esiya kuyisebenzisa njenge-extractor kwaye ke sidlule ukuze sikwazi ukuthatha ifoto entsha ukuba uyafuna.
6. Nje ukuba usebenzise i-reel entsha, unga yityhile kwisitudiyo sokufota okanye usise kumfoti, ukuba awunalo igumbi elimnyama nayo yonke into oyifunayo ...

Kwaye uya kufumana eyakho iifoto zilungile...

Uyiphuhlisa njani imifanekiso?

Ukuba ufuna phuhlisa iifoto ngokwakho, kwaye ungay-odoli kwisitudiyo sobuchule bokufota, unako ukuba unezinto zilandelayo oza kuzifumana kwiivenkile ezizodwa zokufota:

• Igumbi elimnyama elinokukhanya okubomvu ukuthintela ukukhula njengokusetyenziswa kwabafoti. Inokukhanya kwe-LED njengalezo zezibane zokhuseleko, njl.
• Isikhulisi
• Izikhongozeli zeKhemikhali
• Iikhemikhali (ulwelo lonjiniyela, amanzi njengebhafu yokumisa, kunye nokulungiswa)
• Isinxibo kunye neziqwengana ukuxhoma iifoto
• Iitawuli okanye amadlavu
• Ishiti leglasi

Inkqubo ye ityhiliwe:

1. Yiya kwigumbi elimnyama lophuhliso.
2. Gcwalisa isikhongozeli malunga nee-intshi ezimbini zonjiniyela, enye inenani elifanayo lamanzi, kunye nomnye ngesisombululo sokulungisa.
3. Ngoku sikhupha ifilimu ngaphandle kwekhamera yethu. Khumbula ukuba nakuphi na ukukhanya okumhlophe kuya kuyitshabalalisa imifanekiso.
4. Nge-enlarger ungadlulisela izinto ezingafunekiyo kwiphepha lokufota ukhetha efanelekileyo f ukuvelisa imivumbo yokukhanya okwahlukileyo. Ukuba usebenzise iphepha lemifanekiso ngqo kwikhamera yakho yepinki endaweni yefilimu, ungatsiba eli nyathelo.
5. Gxuma, ngoncedo lwe-tweezers ukuze ungayichukumisi, iphepha lokufota kulwelo lonjiniyela. Xukuza isikhongozeli kancinci ukuze ulwelo lubaleke kumphezulu ngokufanelekileyo. Nje ukuba ubone umfanekiso uvele, ungawususa. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba kwigumbi eliqaqambileyo, umfanekiso uya kubonakala ubumnyama kancinci kunakwigumbi elimnyama.
6. Nge-tweezers, khupha ifoto xa umfanekiso sele ubonakala kuyo kwaye uyibeke kwisitya ngamanzi, oko kukuthi, ukuyihlamba xa umile. Amanzi kufuneka abe kubushushu begumbi.
7. Emva koko sisebenzisa i-tweezers kwakhona kwaye sidlulisa ifoto kwisitya kunye nesilungisi. Siza kuyishiya apho imizuzu emi-2.
8. Hlamba ifoto kwakhona ngamanzi kwenye i-2 min.
9. Hlanganisa ifoto kwintambo yokunxiba kunye nemigqomo yeempahla ukusuka kwikona enye kwaye ulinde ukuba yome ngokupheleleyo. Ukukhawulezisa inkqubo ungasebenzisa isomisi seenwele.
10. Phinda inkqubo ngazo zonke iifoto ekufuneka uziphuhlisile ...

Nje ukuba umsebenzi wenziwe, ungakhanyisa ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo kwigumbi kwaye ugqibile ngomsebenzi wakho.

Imithombo:

Imiyalelo - Uyenza njani ikhamera yePinhole