I-Welding: iingcebiso kunye namaqhinga okulawula obu buchule

La ukuwelda akukho lula kwaphela. Xa uqala, kuqhelekile ukwenza iimpazamo ezininzi, ezifana nezihlanganisi ezingafezekanga, ukunamathela kwi-electrode kwintsimbi, ukungahlengahlengisi i-amperage ngokuchanekileyo, ukubhoboza isinyithi, njl. Nangona kunjalo, ngezi ngcebiso kunye namaqhinga kobu buchule, uya kuba nakho ukufunda ukusebenzisa eyakho umatshini wokuwelda ngokufanelekileyo, ekubeni kwinqaku elidlulileyo ndikufundise yonke into oyifunayo ukuze ukwazi ukukhetha okulungileyo.

Ndiyakumema ube yiwelder elungileyo kwiiprojekthi zakho ze-DIY ngentsimbi kunye ne-thermoplastics ngesi sikhokelo...

• Owona matshini ulungileyo wokuwelda ungathenga

weld definition

La ukuwelda imele inkqubo yokudibanisa edibanisa iindawo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zezinto ngokudibanisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zixhobo ziyintsimbi okanye i-thermoplastics, yintoni evumela olu hlobo lokudibanisa. Kule nkqubo, iinxalenye zidityaniswa ngokunyibilika, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kufakwe izinto ezongezelelweyo (intsimbi okanye iplastiki) ethi, xa inyibilika, yenze into eyaziwa ngokuba yi "solder pool" eyona nto idipozithiweyo edibanisa iindawo kunye. Nje ukuba imathiriyeli iphole kwaye yomelele, yenza iqhina eliqinileyo elibizwa ngokuba 'liso'.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo Imithombo yamandla, njengomlilo wegesi, i-arc yombane, i-laser, i-electron beam, i-friction okanye iindlela ze-ultrasonic, zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-welding. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amandla afunekayo ukujoyina iinxalenye zetsimbi avela kwi-arc yombane, ngelixa ukujoyina i-thermoplastics kufezekiswa ngokuqhagamshelana ngokuthe ngqo kunye nesixhobo okanye ngokusebenzisa igesi eshushu. Ukongeza, nangona i-welding iqhele ukwenziwa kwindawo yemizi-mveliso, inokwenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezingeyondlwan' iyanetha, njengangaphantsi kwamanzi nakwindawo.

iintlobo ze-welding

La i-soldering kunye ne-brazing zimbini zokujoyina iindlela ezisetyenziswa kushishino ukudibanisa iziqwenga zentsimbi okanye ezinye izinto. Nangona zombini zibandakanya ukunyibilika kwezinto ukwenza ibhondi, kukho umahluko ophambili phakathi kwabo ngokweqondo lobushushu, imathiriyeli, kunye neempawu ezibangwayo.

• Isoda ethambileyo: Yinkqubo apho i-solder ephantsi yokunyibilika isetyenziselwa ukujoyina i-workpieces. Iqondo lokushisa elinyibilikayo le-solder liphantsi, ngokuqhelekileyo lingaphantsi kwe-450 ° C, elivumela ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zinyibilike ngaphandle kokuchaphazela kakhulu iziqwenga zokusebenza. I-Soldering idla ngokusetyenziswa ukudibanisa amacandelo e-elektroniki, imibhobho ye-plumbing, kunye nezinye izicelo apho i-joint e-ethe-ethe, engeyiyo ephezulu yokumelana nobushushu ifunekayo. Umzekelo, uhlobo lwesoda ethambileyo inokuba yileyo isetyenziswa kwi-electronics kunye nemibhobho yamanzi ngetoti, okanye ikwayile isetyenziselwa i-thermoplastics.
• Ibrazing: Yinkqubo yokudibanisa apho kusetyenziswe imathiriyeli yokuzalisa enendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu kuneyokuthambisa ethambileyo, ngokubanzi phakathi kwe450°C kunye ne900°C. Kule nkqubo, iziqwenga zokusebenza aziphoswanga, kodwa izinto zokuzalisa ziyancibilika kwaye zifakwe kwi-joint phakathi kwamaqhekeza. Emva kokuba izinto zokuzalisa ziqina, zenza uxhumano oluqinileyo noluhlala luhleli. I-Brazing isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iindawo ezifuna ukujamelana nemithwalo yemishini kunye nokushisa okuphezulu, njengokwenza izixhobo, izithuthi, izakhiwo, njl. Imizekelo yolu hlobo lokuwelda yeyona isetyenziselwa iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi, intsimbi, aluminiyam, njl.

Izinto ezinokuthi zidityaniswe (weldability)

La ukuwelda Kubhekiselele kwisakhono sezinto eziphathekayo, nokuba ziyafana okanye azifani ngokwendalo, ukuba zixhunywe ngokusisigxina ngeenkqubo ze-welding. Nangona, ngokuqhelekileyo, iintsimbi ezininzi zinokudityaniswa, isinyithi ngasinye sinokwahluka, okuphawulwa ngeempawu ezithile ezithwala izibonelelo ezithile kunye nokungalunganga. Izinto ezibonisa ukuwelda kwentsimbi ziquka uhlobo lwe-electrode esetyenzisiweyo, isantya apho ipholisa khona, ukusetyenziswa kweegesi ezikhuselayo, kunye nesantya sokwenziwa kwenkqubo ye-welding.

Iintsimbi ezidityanisiweyo

Phakathi iintsimbi ezinokudityaniswa sifumana oku kulandelayo:

• Iintsimbi (intsimbi yentsimbi, intsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi, intsimbi,…)
• Intsimbi etyhidiweyo.
• I-Aluminiyam kunye neengxube zayo.
• I-Nickel kunye ne-alloys yayo.
• Ubhedu kunye neengxube zayo.
• I-Titanium kunye ne-alloys yayo.

Ukongeza, kufuneka sihlele ezi zinyithi ezidityanisiweyo ngokwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo, njenge ukumelana okanye ukuhanjiswa kombane banayo, kuba oku kubalulekile xa i-soldering:

• Ukumelana nombane ophezulu / iintsimbi eziphantsi zombane: zinokuthi zifakwe nge-welded kunye ne-low intensity (i-currents ephantsi), njengentsimbi.
• Ukumelana nombane ophantsi / iintsimbi eziphezulu zombane: badibanisa kwi-intensity ephezulu, oko kukuthi, bafuna i-amperage ephezulu. Imizekelo yezi zinyithi yi-aluminiyam, ubhedu kunye nezinye i-alloys.

Kwelinye icala, sinokuzihlela kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwentsimbi:

• Iintsimbi ezinokwakheka kwe-Ferrous: Isinyithi esinentsimbi, ezo apho intsimbi iyeyona nto iphambili, zibonisa iimpawu ezimangalisayo zamandla aqinileyo kunye nobulukhuni.
  • Intsimbi: Ine-iron njengesiseko sayo, yahlulwa ngokubonakala kwayo, ukuxhathisa kunye nokuguquguquka. Le ntsimbi yi-conductor egqwesileyo yobushushu kunye nombane, iyenza ilungele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda. Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpawu, intsimbi inesikelwe umda, njengobunzima bayo obuninzi nokuba sengozini kwayo kukurusa. Kuqhelekile ukufumana ukuhluka kunye nekhabhoni, kunye nokugxilwa okuphezulu kokugqibela kokuqinisa intsimbi kunye nokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqina kwe-weldability kuyehla kumlinganiselo ochaseneyo nokuqina. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukucoceka kwe-weld kunye nokuphepha ukunyuswa ngenxa yokutyekela kwentsimbi ukurusa. Iintsimbi zamandla aphezulu zezona zifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-welding.
  • Intsimbi yentsimbi okanye intsimbi: Ifunyenwe ekunyibilikisweni kokuqala kwentsimbi kwiziko eziqhumayo, iqulethe izixa eziphawulekayo zekhabhoni kunye nesilicon, kwaye i-brittle. Nangona ukuwelda intsimbi kuzisa ubunzima, oko akunakwenzeka. Naluphi na umkhondo weoli okanye igrisi kufuneka igwenywe ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding, njengoko oku kunokuwenza nzima umsebenzi. I-Welding cast iron yinkqubo enzima kwaye ibiza kakhulu efuna ukushisa okuphezulu kunye nokufudumeza kwangaphambili ngetotshi ye-oxyacetylene. Ngaphandle koko, i-weld ephumayo iya kungazinzi kwaye kunzima ukuyiphatha. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, lo msebenzi awufanelekanga kubathandi bokuzonwabisa.
• Iintsimbi ezingenayo i-nonferrous: ngaba abo ukwakheka kwabo kungabandakanyi intsimbi, bahlelwe ngokweendidi ezintathu eziphambili:
  • Iintsimbi ezinzima (ubuninzi obulingana okanye ngaphezulu kwe-5 Kg/dm³):
    • Tin: isetyenziswa ekwenzeni i-tinplate nakwishishini lombane.
    • ICopper: ngombane obalaseleyo kunye ne-thermal conductivity, ukumelana nokubola. Ifuna ukugcina i-weld ingenasici ukuthintela ukubunjwa kweeoksidi. Isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweentambo zombane, imibhobho, njl.
    • Zinc: inokwanda okuphezulu kwe-thermal phakathi kweentsimbi. Isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwamaphepha, iidiphozithi, njl. Ikwasetyenziswa njengonyango olungaphezulu kwintsimbi yegalvanize.
    • Khokela: isetyenziswe kwii-welds ezithambileyo kunye neengubo, kunye nakwimibhobho, nangona iye yawela ekusebenziseni ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo.
    • I-Chrome: isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweentsimbi ezingenasici kunye nezixhobo.
    • Umnxeba: isetyenziswe njengengubo kwiintsimbi kunye nokuveliswa kweentsimbi ezingenasici.
    • i-tungsten: isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zokusika koomatshini.
    • ICobalt: isetyenziswe ekwenzeni iintsimbi ezomeleleyo.
  • iintsimbi ezikhanyayo (uxinzelelo phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-5 Kg/dm³):
    • titanium: ibalasele kolu didi kwaye isetyenziswa kushishino lwe-aeronautical and turbine.
  • Iintsimbi ezikhanyayo (ubuninzi obungaphantsi kwe-2 Kg/dm³):
    • Magnesium: Isetyenziswa njenge-deoxidizer kwisiseko sentsimbi, iyagqwesa kolu didi loxinaniso luphantsi kakhulu.

Iiplastiki eziWeldable

Los ithermoplastics Ziipholima eziphawulwa ngokukwazi ukutyhubela imijikelo yokunyibilika kunye nokuqiniswa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Xa iphantsi kobushushu, iba lulwelo kwaye, xa ipholile, iphinda iqine. Nangona kunjalo, ekufikeleleni kwindawo yokukhenkceza, i-thermoplastics ifumana isakhiwo seglasi kunye nokwaphuka. Ezi nkcukacha, ezinikezela ubunikazi bayo, zibonelela ngokuziphatha okubuyisela umva, ukuvumela ukuba izinto zibe phantsi kokufudumala, ukulungiswa kwakhona kunye nokupholisa imijikelezo ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Abanye imizekelo thermoplastics Zizo:

• I-PET (iPolyethylene Terephthalate): Yeepolyester, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizinto zemihla ngemihla kwaye iphinda isetyenziswe ngokulula. Ifom yayo ye-semicrystalline izinzile. Iqhelekile kwipakethe eqinile kwaye eguquguqukayo ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo.
• I-HDPE (iPolyethylene yoXinano oluPhezulu): Isebenza ngeendlela ezininzi, iphuma kwipetroleum. Isetyenziswe kwiibhotile, iijugi, iibhodi zokusika kunye nemibhobho, ephawula ukuchasana kwayo kunye nenqanaba lokunyibilika.
• I-LDPE (iPolyethylene yoXinano oluphantsi): I-polyethylene ithambile, iyaxhathisa kwaye iguquguqukayo, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Inekhemikhali elungileyo kunye nokumelana neempembelelo, kunye nendawo yokunyibilika eyi-110°C.
• I-PVC (I-Polyvinyl Chloride): esetyenziswa kulwakhiwo, imibhobho, ukugqunywa kwentambo, izixhobo zonyango nokunye. Iyaguquguquka, inoqoqosho kwaye ithatha indawo yezixhobo zemveli.
• I-PP (iPolypropylene): Yipolymer eqinile, enganyangekiyo kwaye inoxinano oluphantsi. Isetyenziswa kwiingxowa, izicelo zobunjineli kunye nokubumba ibhotile. Yeyesibini iplastiki eveliswa kakhulu.
• PS (Ipolystyrene): I-Polystyrene iyabonakala kwaye isetyenziswa kwiimveliso zabathengi kunye nokupakishwa kwezorhwebo. Inokuba lukhuni okanye igwebu, isetyenziswe kwizixhobo zonyango, i-casings kunye nokupakishwa kokutya.
• Nenayiloni: Yi-polyamide ekwaziyo ukumelana, nelastiki kunye ne-transparent. Isetyenziselwa ukuloba, amalaphu, iintambo, izixhobo zokusebenza, iikawusi, njalo njalo, kwaye inyibilika kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (263ºC).

Ezinye zezi ziya kuvakala ziqhelekile kuwe ngokwethu amanqaku malunga 3D abashicileli, njengoko zisetyenziselwa ezi zicelo zemveliso ezongezelelweyo.

Yintoni ubumdaka?

La ilindle lomntu I-Solder yintsalela engeyiyo isinyithi eyenziwe ngeendlela ezithile ze-welding. Iqala xa imathiriyeli ye-flux esetyenziswa kwi-welding iqina emva kokuba inkqubo igqityiwe. Le slag isiphumo sokudityaniswa kwe-flux kunye nezinto ezingathandekiyo okanye iigesi ze-atmospheric ezisebenzisana nayo ngelixa i-welding. Ukungabikho kwe-flux kunye ne-slag eyenza iifom zingabangela i-oxidation ye-solder.

I-slag ngokubanzi ihlala kumthungo we weld, njengohlobo lweqokobhe eliqhawukayo xa sele liqina, kwaye linokususwa ngokulula. Ukuba i-weld yenziwe kakuhle, ngemivumbo embalwa ethambileyo idla ngokuphuma. Nangona kunjalo, kuyinyaniso ukuba xa ukuwelda kuqala, le slag inokuthi ibanjwe ngaphakathi kwe-bead, idale i-joint brittle.

Yintoni i-splash?

Las ukutshiza Izixhobo ze-Welding ziquka amathontsi emizuzu yentsimbi etyhidiweyo okanye izinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi ezisasazwayo okanye ezikhutshiweyo ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-welding. La mancinci amancinci ashushu anokuthi akhutshwe kwaye ahlale kwindawo yokusebenza okanye emgangathweni, ngelixa ezinye zinokunamathela kwizinto ezisisiseko okanye nawaphi na amanye amacandelo esinyithi akufuphi. Ezi zitshizi zibonakala lula, zithatha imo yeengqukuva ezincinci ezingqukuva xa ziqina.

Abayongxaki enkulu, kodwa inqanaba lobuhle ewe banokuba njalo. Basenokunyanzelisa unyango olongezelelweyo ukususa ezo nkozo kwaye bashiye indawo egudileyo.

Indlela yokuwelda ngokufanelekileyo

I-Soldering yindlela entsonkothileyo, nangona kunjalo, uhlobo oluqhelekileyo, inokwenziwa kula manyathelo (ndincoma ukubukela ividiyo ngolwazi lomzobo):

lawula ubunzulu

Lawula ubunzulu bangoku, okanye i-amperage, ngomnye wemiba esisiseko yokwenza i-weld elungileyo. Abaninzi balahleka kakhulu xa beqala ukuwelda xa kuziwa ekukhetheni i-amperage, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi ngumcimbi wokuzama kunye nephutha. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenza izinto zibe lula kuwe, nazi iitafile ezimbini apho unokubona khona ii-amps ekufuneka uzikhethe ngokobukhulu okanye ubukhulu bamaqhekeza ekufuneka adityaniswe kwaye ngokuhambelana ne-electrode oyikhethileyo. Oku kunokukukhokela, nangona ke kunokubakho umahluko omncinci ngokuxhomekeke kumatshini we-welding okhethiweyo.

Njengomgaqo jikelele, kukho a iqhinga lula ukukhetha i-amperage ngokuxhomekeke kwi-electrode, ukuba awunayo le tafile esandleni. Kwaye kuphinda-phinda-phinda i-diameter ye-electrode nge-x35, ukufumana eyona i-ampere ephezulu. Umzekelo, ukuba sinayo i-electrode eyi-2.5mm yedayamitha, iya kuba yi-2.5×35=87A, engqukuva inokuba malunga ne-90A. Ngokucacileyo, lo mgaqo awusebenzi ngoomatshini bokuwelda ngocingo…

Ukukhetha i-electrode / ucingo olufanelekileyo

Ucingo oluqhubekayo okanye i-electrode

Ukukhetha umsonto ochanekileyo (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-electrode eqhubekayo) ngumba wokuthathela ingqalelo le miba ilandelayo:

• Oko roll ibe iyahambelana ngenkxaso ye-welder, ekubeni unokufumana imiqulu ye-0.5 kg, i-1 kg, njl.
• Oko impahla yomsonto ifanelekile kumanyano oza kulwenza, ngokwentsimbi ofuna ukuyidibanisa.
• Oko ubukhulu bentambo bufanelekile (0.8mm, 1mm,…), kwaye oku kuya kuxhomekeka kububanzi bentambo okanye ukuhlukana phakathi kwamalungu. Umtya otyebileyo uya kuhlala ungcono kumalungu apho kukho ukuhlukana okungaphezulu okanye ukuzaliswa okufunekayo.
• Uhlobo i-welding wire okanye i-electrode eqhubekayo, apho kufuneka sahlule phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo:
  • Inkulu okanye iqinile: Zenziwe ngentsimbi enye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ntsimbi inokwakheka okufanayo kwizinto ezisisiseko, kunye nokongezwa kwezinye izinto zokuphucula ukucoceka kwe-substrate. Le misonto eqinileyo isetyenziswa rhoqo ukudibanisa iintsimbi zekhabhoni ephantsi kunye nezinto ezibhityileyo. Ekubeni bengashiyi intsalela ye-slag kwi-weld kwaye ipholile ngokukhawuleza, ifanelekile kwezi zicelo.
  • i-tubular okanye i-core: banomgubo oguquguqukayo wegranular ngaphakathi ozalisekisa umsebenzi ofana naloo electrode ezigqunyiweyo. Ezi ngcingo zikuvumela ukuba usebenze ngaphandle kwesidingo segesi yokukhusela ngexesha le-welding. Banikezela ngozinzo olukhulu kunye nokungena okunzulu, okukhokelela ekugqityweni okuphezulu okudibeneyo ngenxa yokuba nokwenzeka okusezantsi kweziphene kunye ne-porosity. Iingcingo ezinobumba ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizinto ezityebileyo, kuba zivelisa i-slag kwintambo kwaye ukupholisa kwayo kuhamba kancinci. Olu phawu lubenza balungele umsebenzi we-welding kolu hlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba, njengakwi-MMA welding, ukususwa kwe-slag kuyafuneka xa usebenzisa iingcingo ezinobumba.

i-electrode esetyenziswayo

Kwelinye icala sinayo i-electrodes ezisetyenziswayo, apho sibona inani elikhulu leentlobo kunye nobubanzi, ngoko kuba nzima kakhulu ukukhetha okulungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, apha sikufundisa:

• Ukwaleka:
  • Camera: zenziwe ngentsimbi yentsimbi ezalisekisa umsebenzi wokubonelela ngezinto ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding, kunye nesambatho esiqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. Le ngubo yenza imisebenzi emibini ebalulekileyo: ukukhusela isinyithi esityhidiweyo kwi-atmosphere ejikelezileyo kunye nokuzinzisa i-arc yombane. Ngaphakathi kolu hlobo sine:
    • I-Rutile (R): zigqunywe yi-rutile okanye, yintoni efanayo, i-titanium oxide. Kulula ukuzibamba kwaye zilungele ukuwelda ezibhityileyo kunye namashiti ashinyeneyo ezinto ezifana nentsimbi okanye intsimbi ethambileyo. Zisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi engafunwayo, zinexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye zixhaphakile.
    • Esisiseko (B): ezi ziqatywe nge-calcium carbonate. Njengoko zixhathisa kakhulu kwiintanda, zifanelekile kwii-welds zobunzima obuthile. Efanelekileyo kwi-alloys ye-welding. Azikho ukuba zitshiphu okanye kulula ukuzifumana.
    • IiSelulosis (C): Zifakwe kwi-cellulose okanye i-organic compounds. Ziyasetyenziswa, ngakumbi, ekwehleni ngokuthe nkqo kunye nohlobo olulodwa lwe-welding (njengemibhobho yegesi), phakathi kweminye imisebenzi enzima kakhulu.
    • Ukusuka kwiasidi (A): i-silica, i-manganese kunye ne-iron oxide zisisiseko kwikhompawundi egquma ezi electrode. Zisetyenziselwa umsebenzi kunye nobukhulu obukhulu enkosi ekungeneni kwayo okukhulu. Bangakwazi ukunika iintanda kwiimeko apho izinto ezisisiseko zingafanelekanga okanye zingenazo iimpawu ezintle zokudityaniswa.
  • Ayiqatywanga: Abanakho umaleko wokukhusela, othintela ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwiinkqubo ze-welding zegesi. Kule meko, ukukhuselwa kwangaphandle usebenzisa igesi ye-inert iyadingeka ukukhusela ukungena kwe-oksijini kunye ne-nitrogen. Ezi electrode zisetyenziswa kwi-TIG ye-welding technique, apho i-tungsten electrode isetyenziswa. Ubuchwephesha bukuvumela ukuba ufumane ukugqitywa komgangatho ophezulu kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli.
• imathiriyeli: kwakhona kufuneka ukhethe i-electrode efanelekileyo ngokwezinto oza kuzidibanisa, kuba zinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni yintsimbi / intsimbi, okanye i-aluminium, njl.
• Ububanzi: sinokukhetha ubungakanani obufanelekileyo ngokobungakanani bezinto esifuna ukuzishiya kwintambo. Kukho ubungqingqwa obungaphezulu okanye obungaphantsi, njengoko sibonile, nangona ukhetho oluqhelekileyo xa ungathandabuza yi-2.5mm, eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-junction kufuneka ibe yincinci, khetha i-diameter encinci, kwaye ukuba i-junction iyahlukana ngakumbi, ufuna ukuzalisa izithuba ezinkulu, okanye uvale imingxuma, eyona nto ifanelekileyo kukhetha i-electrode ebanzi.
• Ubude: Unokufumana kwakhona i-electrodes yobude obungaphezulu okanye obungaphantsi. Ngokucacileyo ezinde ziya kuhlala ixesha elide, kodwa zikwanzima ngakumbi ukuzilawula. Enye yezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-350mm ubude, oko kukuthi, i-35 cm. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abantu bayabasika, kuba bakhetha ukusebenza nge-electrode emfutshane…
• AWS nomenclature- Oku kugqitywa ngamanani e-electrode, ekubeni inani ngalinye libonisa into ethile. Njengoko usenokuba ubonile kwii-electrode zorhwebo, uhlobo lwe-nomenclature E-XXX-YZ luvela. Ngoku ndiza kukucacisela ukuba ithetha ukuthini le khowudi yealphanumeric:
  • I-AWS A5.1 (E-XXYZ-1 HZR): i-electrodes ye-carbon steel.
    • E: ibonisa ukuba i-electrode ye-arc welding.
      
    • XX: ibonisa ubuncinci bamandla obunzima, ngaphandle konyango lwasemva kwe-welding. Ngokomzekelo, i-6011 ingaphantsi kwe-7011.
    • Y: ibonisa indawo apho i-electrode ilungiselelwe i-welding.
      • 1=Zonke iindawo (ezithe tyaba, ezithe nkqo, isilingi, ezithe tye).
      • 2=Ngeendawo ezimcaba nezithe tye.
      • 3=Indawo ethe tyaba kuphela.
      • 4=Iwelding ngaphezulu, ukwehla ngokuthe nkqo, tyaba kunye nokuthe tye.
    • Z: uhlobo lombane kunye ne-polarity apho inokusebenza ngayo. Kwakhona, chonga uhlobo lokutyabeka olusetyenzisiweyo.
    • HZR: Le khowudi yokhetho ingabonisa:
      • HZ: idibana novavanyo lwe-hydrogen esebenzayo.
      • R- Iyahlangabezana neemfuno zovavanyo lokufunxa ukufuma.
  • I-AWS A5.5 (E-XXYZ-**): kwiintsimbi ze-alloy eziphantsi.
    • Kuyafana nangasentla, kodwa tshintsha isimamva sokugqibela **.
    • Endaweni yoonobumba basebenzisa unobumba kunye nenombolo. Babonisa ipesenti eqikelelweyo ye-alloy kwi-weld deposit.
  • I-AWS A5.4 (E-XXX-YZ): kwiintsimbi ezingenasici.
    • E: ibonisa ukuba i-electrode ye-arc welding.
    • XXX: inquma iklasi ye-AISI yensimbi engenasici ekujoliswe kuyo i-electrode.
    • Y: ibhekisa kwisikhundla, kwaye kwakhona sine:
      • 1=Zonke iindawo (ezithe tyaba, ezithe nkqo, isilingi, ezithe tye).
      • 2=Ngeendawo ezimcaba nezithe tye.
      • 3=Indawo ethe tyaba kuphela.
      • 4=Iwelding ngaphezulu, ukwehla ngokuthe nkqo, tyaba kunye nokuthe tye.
    • Z: uhlobo lwengubo kunye neklasi yangoku kunye ne-polarity enokusetyenziswa ngayo.

Ii-electrodes ezingasetyenziswayo

Okokugqibela, akufuneki silibale i-electrodes engasetyenziswayo, oko kukuthi, ezo zenziwe nge-tungsten okanye i-tungsten, nantoni na ofuna ukuyibiza ngayo. Kule meko sinokuzihlela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• I-Tungsten 2% Thorium (WT20): ibomvu, isetyenziselwa ukuwelda kwe-DC TIG. Kufuneka unxibe imaski, njengoko inokuba yingozi kwimpilo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwi-oxidation, i-asidi kunye neentsimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nobushushu ezifana nobhedu, i-tantalum kunye ne-titanium.
• I-2% ye-Cerium Tungsten (WC20): Zingwevu ngombala kwaye ziphila ubomi obude obuluncedo, kunye nokuhlonela imeko-bume nempilo. Ngoko ke, banokuba yinto ekhethekileyo kwi-thorium.
• I-Tungsten 2% yeLanthanum (WL20): banombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, osetyenziselwa i-welding automated, kunye nobomi obude obuluncedo kunye nokukhanya okuphezulu. Ayikhuphi imitha.
• I-Tungsten 1% iLanthanum (WL5): Umbala uphuzi kule meko, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukusika i-plasma kunye ne-welding.
• ITungsten ukuya kwiZirconium (WZ8): ngombala omhlophe, zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu kwi-welding ye-AC.
• I-Tungsten ecocekileyo (W): umbala uluhlaza, inokuwelda i-aluminiyam, i-magnesium, i-nickel kunye ne-alloys nge-AC welding. Ayinayo izongezo, ngoko ayiyingozi njenge-thorium.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kunye nesisombululo

Nangona kukho inani elikhulu iziphene ezinokwenzeka, ezona rhoqo onokuzifumana kwaye uziphephe zezi zilandelayo:

• Inkangeleko yentambo embi: Le ngxaki inokuthi ibangelwa kukufudumala, ukukhetha okungafanelekanga kwee-electrodes, uxhulumaniso oluphosakeleyo okanye i-ampeges engalunganga. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, lungisa i-current esetyenzisiweyo uze ufumane ibhalansi efanelekileyo kwaye ukhethe i-electrode efanelekileyo esebenza ngesantya esithile ukukhusela ukushisa.
• Isitshizi esigqithisileyo- Xa ukutshiza kudlula amanqanaba aqhelekileyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yempembelelo yangoku ephezulu kakhulu okanye impembelelo yemagnethi. Kwakhona, isincomo kukunciphisa i-amperage ukuchonga umda ochanekileyo kwinkqubo yakho.
• ukungena ngokugqithisileyo: Kule meko, ingxaki enkulu idla ngokuba yindawo engafanelekanga ye-electrode. Kucetyiswa ukuhlalutya i-angle echanekileyo ukufezekisa ukuzaliswa ngokufanelekileyo.
• i-weld eqhekekileyo- Ukuqhekeka kwi-weld iziphumo ezivela kubudlelwane obungalunganga phakathi kobukhulu be-weld kunye neendawo ezidibeneyo, okubangelwa ukudibanisa okuqinileyo. Ukunikezelwa koku, sebenzisa izakhono zakho zokuhlalutya ukuyila ulwakhiwo oluphuculweyo lwe-junction olubandakanya ukulungiswa kobukhulu, izithuba ezifanayo, kunye nokukhetha i-electrode efanelekileyo ngakumbi.
• brittle okanye brittle weld: Le yenye yeengxaki ezinzulu kakhulu kwi-welding, kuba inokuchaphazela kakubi umgangatho wokugqibela weeqhekeza. Izizathu zinokuthi zisuse ekukhethweni okungalunganga kwe-electrode ukuya kunyango olunganeleyo lobushushu okanye ukupholisa okungafanelekanga. Ngoko ke, qiniseka ukusebenzisa i-electrode efanelekileyo (ngokukhethekileyo i-hydrogen ephantsi), ukunciphisa ukungena kunye nokuqinisekisa ukupholisa okwaneleyo.
• Uphazanyiso: Esi siphene sinokubangelwa kuyilo lokuqala olubi okanye ukungaqwalaseli ukucutha kweentsimbi, okukhokelela kwibhondi embi kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukushisa. Ngeli nqanaba, hlaziya kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, uhlaziywe imodeli, kwaye uphinde uqwalasele iinketho ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwe-electrodes ephezulu ye-velocity.
• Ukunyibilika kakubi kunye nokuguqulwa: Ezi ngxaki zibangelwa kukufudumeza okungalinganiyo okanye ulandelelwano olungafanelekanga lokusebenza, okubangela ukushwabana okungafanelekanga kwamalungu. Unokuzilungisa ezi zinto ngokwenza kunye noxinzelelo lokunciphisa iinxalenye ngaphambi kwe-welding, kunye nokuhlola ngononophelo ulandelelwano lwenkqubo.
• ijongelwe phantsi: Le ngxaki idla ngokuba ngumphumo wokukhetha kakubi i-electrode okanye ukuphatha, okanye ukusebenzisa i-amperage ephezulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ukuba usebenzisa i-electrode echanekileyo kwaye unokunciphisa isantya se-welding.
• I-Porosity: inokuvela ngenxa yokuxuba i-slag kunye nentsimbi etyhidiweyo xa idluliswa ngamaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle kokususa i-slag kuqala, ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwesinyithi ngexesha lenkqubo, njl. Kule meko, ukwenza i-bead efanelekileyo ye-uniform kanye kanye, ngaphandle kokudlula amaxesha amaninzi (ngaphandle kokususa i-slag), kubalulekile.

Ukhuseleko kunye nokuthandabuza rhoqo

Ukhuselekile Ukhuseleko lwe-Welding luyimfuneko ukukhusela iingozi kunye nokulimala komntu. Nanga amanye amanyathelo okhuseleko ekufuneka uwalandele xa usenza umsebenzi welding:

• Musa ukuwelda kwiindawo ezinepetroli okanye izinto ezinokutsha ezikufutshane: Intlantsi eveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo inokubangela imililo okanye uqhushumbo.
• Sebenzisa iPPE okanye izixhobo zokukhusela: equka imaski yokukhusela amehlo, iiglavu zezandla, izihlangu ezinesoli ezikhuselayo kunye nempahla emide ukuphepha ukutsha kwesikhumba. Kwakhona, ukuba uya kuwelda igalvanized okanye i-tungsten electrode enezinto eziyityhefu, soloko usebenzisa imaski yokucoca.
• Indawo enempepho entle: Sebenza kwindawo enomoya omhle wokuphefumla ukuthintela ukufumba komsi oyityhefu kunye neegesi. Ukuba usebenza ngaphakathi, qinisekisa ukuba kukho ukujikeleza komoya okwaneleyo okanye sebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhupha umsi.
• Isicima-mlilo kunye noncedo lokuqala: gcina isixhobo sokucima umlilo esifanelekileyo kunye nekiti yoncedo lokuqala esandleni xa kukho unxunguphalo. Ziqhelanise nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nendawo.
• Ungatshayi okanye utye ukutya: kuphephe ukutshaya, ukutya okanye ukusela kufutshane nendawo yokutshisa, njengoko umsi kunye namasuntswana anokungcolisa ukutya kwaye abe yingozi kwimpilo yakho.
• Izixhobo zikwimeko entle: Ukugcinwa kakuhle komatshini we-welding kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwimeko efanelekileyo kwaye ugweme iingxaki zokukhupha ngenxa ye-insulation embi, ukufudumala, njl.
• Uqhawulo lombane: Ngaphambi kokuba ulungelelanise okanye uthinte nayiphi na inxalenye yesixhobo se-welding, qiniseka ukuba ikhutshwe kumthombo wamandla ombane.

Ngapha koko, enye yeefayile ze- Eyona mibuzo ixhaphakileyo phakathi kwabaqalayo kukuba ingaba ukuchukumisa indawo edityanisiweyo okanye i-electrode inokunika umothuko wombane.. Kwaye inyaniso yile:

• Unokuchukumisa isiqwenga setsimbi osidibanisayo ngesandla sakho esingenanto ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthuswa xa i-electrode kunye ne-ground clamp zidibene. Nangona kunjalo, akukhuthazwa, kuba unokutshisa xa ubushushu beziqhekeza bukhuphuka.
• Kungcono ukuba ungayichukumisi i-electrode, nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abachwephesha abaqeqeshiweyo bayayiphumza kwiglavu yabo ngokuchaneka okukhulu. Kufuneka kuthiwe ezo zigqunywe nge-rutile aziboneleli ngokukhupha, ekubeni isinyithi ngaphakathi sihlanganiswe ne-insulator. Kodwa ukuba uyathandabuza ukuba i-coating is insulating okanye hayi okanye ukuba une-electrode engenanto, ungaze uyichukumise.

Ungalibali ukufunda inqaku lethu oomatshini bokuwelda bangcono onokuthi ubathenge...