Kukho iiprojekthi ze-elektroniki okanye ezisebenzisa iArduino yakho, apho kuya kufuneka usebenze ngemagnethi elawulwayo. Ndiyathetha, kumazibuthe oqhelekileyo osisigxina, kuya kuhlala kukho amandla anomtsalane, kodwa nge umbane wegesi ungayilawula le ntsimi yemagnethi ukuyivelisa kanye xa uyifuna. Ngale ndlela, unokutsala izixhobo ze-ferromagnetic ngobuninzi bezicelo.
Umzekelo, cinga ukuba ufuna ukuvula okanye ukuvala iqhekeza elincinci ngokuzenzekelayo xa kukho into eyenzekayo, okanye uhambisa into ethile yentsimbi, njl. Kwimeko apho, eyona nto unokuyisebenzisa ngumbane wombane, ke oko kuthintela ukuba wenze ezinye ezigqibeleleyo iindlela ezenza umsebenzi ofanayo.
Yintoni i-electromagnet?
Un umbane wegesi Isixhobo esisebenza ngombane esikuvumela ukuba uvelise umazibuthe ngokuthanda. Oko kukuthi, isixhobo esiba yimagnethi kuphela xa uyifuna, kwaye ayisoloko ifana neemagnethi ezisisigxina. Ngale ndlela, unokutsala izinto ze-ferromagnetic kanye ngexesha elifanelekileyo xa ufuna.
Ii-Electromagnets zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi ishishini. Umzekelo, ubonile ngokuqinisekileyo kumabonwakude abo matshini bakwezinye iindawo apho isinyithi siphinda sisetyenziswe kwakhona kwaye bane-electromagnet eyenziwa ngumqhubi ukusuka kwikhabhathi ukuze athathe isisi semoto esilahliweyo, okanye atsale ezinye iinxalenye zesinyithi. Ke xa i-crane ephethe le-electromagnet izibeke kwindawo yayo apho ifuna ukushiya khona izinto zentsimbi, ziyeke ukusebenza kumazibuthe wombane kwaye yonke into iya kuwa.
Indlela yokuyisebenzisa kukubonelela ngesixhobo nge ngoku okuqhubekayo. Logama nje lo msinga usebenza kwi-electromagnet, umhlaba wamagnetic ugcinwa kwaye isinyithi sihlala siqhotyoshelwe kuyo. Xa loo yangoku iyeka, iya kuthi shwaka kwaye izinto zentsimbi ziya kuhamba. Ke unokuyilawula ngokukhawuleza.
Ewe, oku kunokusetyenziswa nguwe ukuze uzuze kwaye ngendlela engabizi kakhulu. Ungayithenga i-electromagnet ilungiselelwe okanye uyile ngokwakho, kuba ayinzima kwaphela, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinto zombane.
Kodwa ukuba ucinga ukuba ii-electromagnets zisebenza kuphela ekubambeni okanye ekutsaleni izinto, inyani kukuba uyaphosisa. Inkqubo ye- Ukusetyenziswa okanye usetyenziso zininzi. Ngapha koko, ukuba ujonga ngeenxa zonke, ngokuqinisekileyo izixhobo ezininzi zisebenzisa le nto ekusebenzeni kwazo. Umzekelo, uya kuyifumana kwiintsimbi ezininzi zendlu, kwezinye izixhobo ezilawula ngombane iictuator zomatshini, iirobhothi, iidrive hard, ze iimoto zombane (I-Rotor iyajikeleza ngenxa yemagneti evelisiweyo), iijenreyitha, izithethi, Ukubuyisela, ukutshixa kwemagnethi, kunye nexesha elide njl.
Usebenza njani?
Nokuba sele ucacile okanye ungacacanga ukuba uyisebenzisa njani i-electromagnet, kuya kufuneka uqonde kakuhle ukuba isebenza njani tsala okanye gxotha izinto (ukuba utshintsha ukwahlulahlulahlula). Ngezi ntlobo zezixhobo, awuzukusebenzisa oomazibuthe abasisigxina ukutsalela izinto ze-ferromagnetic ezinje nge-iron, cobalt, nickel, kunye nezinye iialloys.
Gcina ukhumbula uhlobo lwesinyithi okanye i-alloy oza kuyisebenzisela iprojekthi yakho, kuba ayinguye wonke umntu onomdla kwezi magnethi.
Ukuze i-electromagnet isebenze, kufuneka sibuyele kwizifundo zaseDanish UHans Christian Orsted, ngowe-1820. Ufumanise ukuba imisinga yombane inokuvelisa amandla ombane. Emva kwexesha, i-Bhritane u-William Sturgeron wayeza kwenza i-electromagnet yokuqala ithathe ithuba lokufumanisa oko, kwaye loo nto yabuyela emva ngo-1824. Kwaye kwakungayi kuba ngo-1930, xa uJoshep Henry wayeza kuyigqibezela ukwenza i-electromagnet esiyaziyo namhlanje.
Ngokwasemzimbeni iya kwenziwa nge inxeba coil kwaye ngaphakathi kuyo isiseko se-ferromagnetic, ezinje ngentsimbi ethambileyo, intsimbi kunye nezinye iialloys. Izihombiso zihlala zenziwe ngobhedu okanye ialuminium, kwaye zinesigqubuthelo esigqumayo esinjengevarnishi ukubathintela ekunxibelelaneni, kuba ziya kusondela kakhulu komnye komnye okanye ngokuthe ngqo ekunxibelelaneni ukuze uzidibanise ngakumbi. Into efana naleyo yenzekayo ngeekhoyili zenguqu, nayo inayo le varnish.
Umsebenzi weekhoyili kukuvelisa oko kuthethiweyo amandla kazibuthe, kwaye undoqo uya kuyonyusa le nto kwaye uyijolise ukunciphisa iilahleko ezichithakeleyo. Ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphambili, imimandla yayo iya kulungelelaniswa okanye ijolise kwicala elinye enkosi kubunzulu obuveliswe yikhoyili, oko kukuthi, iyafana nento eyenzekayo ngaphakathi koomazibuthe abasisigxina, abathi imimandla elungelelaniswe kwicala elithile ngokwepali yakhe.
Ku nokuba njalo lawula amandla okutsala ukwandisa okwangoku ukuba ugqitha kwi-electromagnet. Oko kwathethi, kufuneka nditsho ukuba ayisiyiyo kuphela into echaphazela amandla anomdla we-electromagnet, ukwandisa amandla ayo unokunyusa enye okanye zonke ezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Inani lokujika kwe-solenoid.
- Izinto ezingundoqo.
- Ukuqina kwangoku.
Xa okwangoku kuyekile, imimandla ithambekele ekuzihleleni ngokutsha ngokungaqhelekanga, kwaye ngenxa yoko ilahle umazibuthe. Ke xa ususa okwangoku okusebenzayo, umbane uyayeka ukutsala. Nangona kunjalo, intsalela yemagneti yomhlaba inokuhlala ibizwa ngokuba yimagneti yemagnethi. Ukuba ufuna ukuyiphelisa, unokufaka indawo yokunyanzelisa kwelinye icala okanye unyuse ubushushu bezinto ezingaphezulu kweqondo lobushushu leCurie.
Fumana i-electromagnet
Njengoko senditshilo, unga zenzele ngokwakhoUkuba uthanda i-DIY okanye ujonge uhlobo lwe-electromagnet eneempawu ezingonelisekanga zizinto onokuzithenga. Olunye ukhetho, ukuba uyonqena, kukuthenga i-electromagnet kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile enje ngeAmazon.
Nceda uqaphele into, ukuba uza kuthenga i-electromagnet. Kwaye uza kufumana amaxabiso ahlukeneyo kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo, okona kwahluka kakhulu kukuba ubungakanani bobunzima abanokuxhasa okanye ukutsala. Umzekelo, i-25N ye-2.5Kg, i-50N ye-5Kg, i-100N ye-10 Kg, i-800N ye-80 kg, i-1000N ye-100 Kg, njl. Kukho ezikhulu zokufaka izicelo kwimizi-mveliso, kodwa ayixhaphakanga kwizicelo zasekhaya ... Sukucinga ukuba ixabiso linyuka kakhulu phakathi kwenye nenye, kuba unayo ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-20 Euro.
Ukuba uthatha isigqibo soku zenzele ngokwakhoUnokuba ne-electromagnet ngexabiso eliphantsi ngokuzibhijela ucingo ukwenza iikhoyili kwaye ngaphakathi kufuneka ufake isiseko se-ferrous. Umzekelo, i-electromagnet elula neyona ilula eyenziwa ngabantwana ukuze bafunde kwiilebhu kukusebenzisa ibhetri abayidibanisa nocingo oluhamba ngenxeba (kufuneka lugqunywe nge-varnish okanye i-insulator yeplastikhi ukuze bangaqhakamshelani ekujikeni. ) Kwaye ngaphakathi bazisa ngentambo njenge-nucleus. Xa uqhagamshela iziphelo zombini kwipali nganye yeseli okanye ibhetri, kuya kubakho amandla kazibuthe kwikhoyili etsala iintsimbi ...
Ewe, i-electromagnet unako ukugqibelela Ngekhoyili enkulu okanye usebenzisa isiseko esahlukileyo sentsimbi ukuba ufuna ukufezekisa ubungakanani bamandla aphezulu kunye nemagnethi yomhlaba.
Umdibaniso neArduino
La ukudityaniswa kweArduino ayinzima kwaphela. Nokuba i-electromagnet ethengiweyo okanye enye eyenziwe nguwe, ungasebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo iArduino kunye neziphumo zamandla ukwenza okanye ukucima i-electromagnet njengoko unqwenela ukusebenzisa ikhowudi yakho yomzobo. Kodwa ukuba ufuna ukuyenza ngendlela engcono, kuya kufuneka usebenzise into ethile ukulawula i-electromagnet ngendlela eyoneleyo, ngakumbi ukuba yeyombane onamandla ngakumbi. Kule meko, unokusebenzisa umzekelo i-transistor UMOSFET Njengento yolawulo, okanye i-NPN TIP120 (yeyona bendikade ndiyisebenzisa ukuvavanya), kunye nokudluliswa kwakhona. Ke, unokusebenzisa enye yezikhonkwane zedijithali ukulawula i-transistor kwaye oku kuya kwi-electromagnet ...
Kuya kufuneka ubeke umva kubhabha okanye i-diode engafaniyo nomfanekiso, phakathi kwezihlanganisi ezibini zombane. Kuya kufuneka ubandakanye i-2K ohm resistor njengoko ubona kumzobo. Olunye unxibelelwano lulula kakhulu, njengoko ubona. Ewe kunjalo, kule meko, iingcingo eziluhlaza kunye nobomvu ziyahambelana namandla angaphandle aya kusetyenziswa kwi-solenoid.
Khumbula ukuba kukho ii-electromagnets ze Amandla ombane I-6V, i-12V, i-24V, njl njl, ke kuya kufuneka uyazi kakuhle i-voltage ekufuneka uyenze kwi-solenoid ukuze ungayonakalisi. Ungazibona iinkcukacha kwinkcazo yeAmazon okanye ngokujonga uxwebhu lwedatha yento oyisebenzisayo. Khumbula ukuhlonipha i-pinout yayo, ezizikhonkwane ezibini, enye yeyomhlaba okanye i-GND kwaye enye i-Vin ukusebenzisa ulawulo lwangoku.
Le bendiyisebenzisile ukungqina lo mzekelo wesikimu endiyenzileyo kwiFritzing yi-6V, ke kwimigca endiyibeke ngasekunene kumzobo iya kusetyenziswa + 0 / 6V ngombala obomvu kunye no -0 / 6V ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Khumbula ukuba ngokuxhomekeke kubunzulu uza kufumana amandla angaphezulu okanye kancinci okutsala.
ukuba ikhowudi, Unokwenza into elula ngolu hlobo lulandelayo (khumbula ukuba ungayiguqula ikhowudi endaweni yokuba isebenze kwaye isebenze ngokungagungqiyo emva kwethutyana, njengale, iyakwenza oko ngokuxhomekeke kwesinye isivamvo onaso kwisekethe yakho, okanye ukuba umsitho othile uyenzeka ...):
const int pin = 3;
//Recuerda que debes usar el pin correcto que hayas utilizado en el esquema eléctrico de tu proyecto
void setup() {
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT); //definir pin como salida
}
void loop(){
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH); // poner el Pin en HIGH para activar el electroimán
delay(10000); // esperar un segundo
digitalWrite(pin, LOW); // poner el Pin en LOW para desactivar el electroimán
delay(10000); // esperar un segundo
}