Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-diode semiconductor, anezicelo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kusukela kuma-diode wokulungisa kabusha, ngokusebenzisa iZener, kuya kuma-LED akhipha ukukhanya. Kulesi sihloko sinesithakazelo ingxenye kagesi ukhonkolo, i- 1n4148 diode yenjongo ejwayelekile. Kuzoba yilowo esihlaziya ngezimpawu zawo futhi sizobonisa ezinye zezicelo ezingenzeka.
I-1n4148 iyi- i-silicon unit encane okufihla izimfihlo ezinkulu okufanele wazi. Ingxenye enganikela kakhulu kumaphrojekthi akho uma uthanda i-DIY kagesi noma ungumenzi ...
Yini i-diode semiconductor?
Un diode iyisetshenziswa semiconductor Isebenza njengokushintsha kwesimo esiqinile nendlela eyodwa yamanje. Noma kukhona okuhlukile, okufana ne-LED noma i-IR diode, ekhipha igagasi le-electromagnetic. Esimweni sokuqala, ukukhanya okubonakalayo kombala othile, noma imisebe ye-infrared. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kule ndatshana, njengoba sizokhuluma nge-1n4148, sinentshisekelo kuphela kulabo abasebenza njengabaphazamisi bamanje.
Igama diode livela esiGrekini, futhi lisho "izindlela ezimbili". Ngaphandle kwalokhu, okwenzayo kuphambene ngqo, okungukuthi, kuvimba ukugeleza kwamanje kuye kolunye uhlangothi. Kodwa-ke, uma ijika lesici se-IV le-diode liyaziswa, kungabonakala ukuthi liqukethe izifunda ezimbili ezihlukanisiwe. Ngezansi komehluko othile ongaba khona uzoziphatha njengesifunda esivulekile (asiqhubeki), futhi ngaphezulu kwawo kufane nesekethe elifushane elinokumelana okuncane kagesi.
La ma-diode ane- inyunyana yezinhlobo ezimbili ze-semiconductor P no-N. Futhi banama-terminals wokuxhuma amabili, i-anode (i-terminal enhle) ne-cathode (i-terminal engakhi). Ngokuya ngendlela i-current esetshenziswa ngayo, ukucushwa okubili kungahlukaniswa:
- Ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile: lapho ukugeleza kwamanje kudlula. Isigxobo esibi sebhethri noma ukunikezwa kwamandla sixosha ama-electron wamahhala avela ku-N crystal futhi ama-electron aqondiswe enhlanganweni ye-PN. Isigxobo esihle sebhethri noma umthombo sidonsela ama-elektroni e-valence avela ku-P crystal (adudula izimbobo zibheke enhlanganweni ye-PN). Lapho umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwamatheminali mkhulu kunomehluko ongaba khona wendawo eshaja isikhala, ama-electron wamahhala ku-N crystal athola amandla anele okungena emigodini ku-P crystal naku-flow yamanje.
- Phindisela ukuhlukaniswa: lapho isebenza njengesivikelo futhi ingavumeli ukugeleza kwamanje. Kulokhu, ukwahlukaniswa kuzobe kuphambene, okungukuthi, umthombo uzobe unikezela ngakolunye uhlangothi, okwenza ukuthi ama-electron wamanje angene nge-P zone bese ehlohla ama-electron emaqandeni. Isiphetho esihle sebhethri siyoheha ama-electron avela endaweni engu-N, futhi lokhu kuzokhiqiza umucu ozosebenza njengesivikelo phakathi kwezinhlaka.
Lezi zingxenye zenziwe ngokususelwa kumgomo we Ukuhlolwa kukaLee De Forest. Okwaqala ukuvela kwakungamaphayiphu amakhulu okukhipha noma amashubhu anomshini. Ama-ampoules engilazi ye-Thermionic anochungechunge lwama-electrode asebenza njengalawa madivayisi, kepha akhipha ukushisa okuningi, kudla kakhulu, abemakhulu, futhi angalimala njengama-light light. Ngakho-ke kwathathwa isinqumo sokuyifaka esikhundleni sezinto zombuso eziqinile (ama-semiconductors).
Aplicaciones
Ama-diode, anjenge-1n4148, anakho ubuningi bezicelo. Angamadivayisi athandwa kakhulu kumasekethe wamanje we-elektroniki aqondile nakwezinye ezishintshayo zamanje. Eqinisweni, sesivele sibonile ukuthi kufayela le- amandla kagesi bafeze umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu lapho besuka ku-AC baya ku-DC. Leso yisici sabo njengama-rectifiers, ngoba bashintsha isignali yamanje ye-sinusoidal yesimo esiqhubekayo ngesimo se-pulses ngokuvimba i-current eya kolunye uhlangothi.
Futhi zingasebenza njenge ukushintshwa okulawulwa ngogesi, njengabavikeli besekethe, njengama-generator womsindo, njll.
Izinhlobo ze-diode
Ama-diode angahlukaniswa ngokwamandla kagesi abawabekezelelayo, amandla, okubalulekile (isib. I-silicon), nezinye izici. Ezinye ze izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu Yilezi:
- I-Detector diode: Zaziwa njengesiginali ephansi noma oxhumana naye ngephoyinti. Zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa namafrikhwensi aphakeme kakhulu namanje aphansi. Ungazithola zombili zenziwe nge-germanium (umkhawulo we-0.2 kuye ku-0.3 volts) ne-silicon (umkhawulo we-0.6 kuya ku-0-7 volts). Ngokuya ngokufakwa kwezidakamizwa ezindaweni ezingama-P no-N bazoba nezici ezahlukahlukene zokumelana nokubola.
- Isilungisi sedayidi: bashayela kuphela ekulungiseni ngqo, njengoba ngichazile ngaphambili. Zisetshenziselwa ukuguqula ama-voltages noma ukulungisa amasiginali. Ungathola futhi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ezinokubekezelelana okuhlukile ngokuya kwamandla wamanje futhi asekelwayo.
- I-Zener diode: olunye uhlobo oludume kakhulu. Vumela ukugeleza kwamanje kubuyele emuva futhi kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengamadivayisi wokulawula. Uma zihlukaniswe ngqo zingaziphatha njenge-diode ejwayelekile.
- LED: i-diode ekhipha ukukhanya ihlukile kuneyangaphambilini, ngoba okwenzayo kuguqula amandla kagesi abe ngukukhanya. Lokhu kunjalo ngenxa yenqubo ye-electroluminescence lapho izimbobo nama-electron kuhlanganiswa khona ukukhiqiza lokhu kukhanya lapho kukhule ngqo.
- ISchottky diode: Zaziwa njengokululama okusheshayo noma izithwali ezishisayo. Imvamisa zenziwe nge-silicon futhi zibonakala ngokwehla kwamandla kagesi okuncane kakhulu (<0.25v approx). Okusho ukuthi, isikhathi sokushintsha sizoba sifushane kakhulu.
- Schockley diode: Ngaphandle kokufana kwegama, kwehlukile kunokwedlule. Inezinhlanganisela ze-PNPN futhi inezimo ezimbili ezinzile (ukuvimba noma impedance ephezulu kanye nokuqhuba noma impedance ephansi).
- Isinyathelo sokubuyisela i-Diode (i-SRD): yaziwa nangokuthi isitoreji sokushaja, futhi inamandla okugcina inkokhiso ye-pulse enhle futhi isebenzise ukushaya okungalungile kwezimpawu zesinusoidal.
- Umhubhe diode: Futhi ibizwa ngokuthi ama-Esaki, asetshenziswa njengokushintshwa okuqinile kwejubane njengoba bekwazi ukusebenza kuma-nanoseconds. Lokho kungenxa yendawo encane yokwehla kokuncipha kanye nejika lapho indawo yokumelana engemihle incipha njengoba kukhuphuka amandla kagesi.
- I-Varactor diode: yaziwa kancane kunangaphambili, kodwa futhi iyasetshenziswa kwamanye amaphrojekthi. I-varicap isetshenziswa njenge-voltage elawulwa nge-capacitor eguquguqukayo. Isebenza ngokungafani.
- I-Laser ne-IR photodiode: Angama-diode afana nama-LED, kepha esikhundleni sokukhipha ukukhanya, akhipha igagasi elisho ugesi ngokukhethekile. Njengoba kungaba ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic (laser) noma i-infrared (IR).
- I-Voltage Suppression Diode (yesikhashana)- Yenzelwe ukweqa noma ukuphambukisa ama-voltage spikes futhi ivikele amasekethe kule nkinga. Futhi zingavikela ekuchithweni kwe-electrostatic (ESD).
- Ama-diode afakwe igolide: zingama-diode akhishwa i-doped esebenzisa ama-athomu egolide. Lokho kubanika ithuba, futhi lokho ukuthi banezimpendulo ezisheshayo.
- I-Peltier diode: lolu hlobo lwamaseli luvumela inyunyana ekwaziyo ukudala ukushisa nokupholisa ngokuya ngakuluphi uhlangothi. Ulwazi oluningi.
- I-diode ye-avalanche: Ziyafana neZener, kepha zisebenza ngaphansi kwesinye isenzakalo esaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-avalanche.
- abanye: kukhona okunye okufana ne-GUNN, okwehlukile kokwedlule njengama-OLED ezikrini, njll.
1n4148 diode yenjongo ejwayelekile
El 1N4148 diode Kuluhlobo lwe-diode ejwayelekile yokushintsha i-diode. Ingenye yezinto ezithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni we-elekthronikhi. Futhi ihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, njengoba inezincazelo ezinhle kakhulu ngaphandle kwezindleko zayo eziphansi.
Igama lilandela ifayela le- Isibizo se-JEDEC, futhi ilusizo kakhulu ekushintsheni izinhlelo ezifinyelela kuma-frequency we-100 Mhz nesikhathi sokubuyisela emuva esingajwayelekile ukudlula ama-4ns.
historia
Texas Instruments idalwe ngo-1960 idayode le-1n914. Ngemuva kokubhaliswa kwayo ngonyaka olandelayo, abakhiqizi abangaphezu kweshumi nambili bathola amalungelo kuyo ukuze bayenze. Ngo-1968 i-1N4148 yayizofinyelela kwirejista ye-JEDEC, iqale ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zempi nezimboni ngaleso sikhathi. Njengamanje kunabaningi abakhiqiza futhi bathengise la madivayisi womabili ngaphansi kwegama 1N4148 nangaphansi kwe-1N914. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili igama nokuncane okunye. Zihluka kuphela ekuchazweni kwazo kwamanje kokuvuza.
Phina futhi ufake i-1n4148
1n4148 diode ivame ukuza kuhlanganiswe ngaphansi kwe-DO-35, ngemvilophi yengilazi ye-axial. Ungayithola nakwamanye amafomethi afana ne-SOD wokufakwa ngaphezulu, njll.
Ngokuqondene ne ukukhipha, inezikhonkwane noma ama-terminals amabili kuphela. Uma ubheka umugqa omnyama kule diode, ukuphela okusondele kakhulu kulowo umugqa omnyama kuzoba yi-cathode, kanti omunye umkhawulo kuzoba yi-anode.
Imininingwane engaphezulu - ishidi le-data
Imininingwane
Ngokuqondene ne imininingwane kusuka ku-1n4148, imvamisa:
- Ubuningi voltage phambili: 1v kuye ku-10mA
- Ubuncane bokuwohloka kwamandla nokubuyisa ukuvuza kwamanje: 75v ku-5 μA; 100 V ku-100 μA
- Isikhathi esiphezulu sokutakulangi :4ns
- Ukuchithwa kwamandla okuphezuluamandla: 500mW
Ungathenga kuphi i-1n4148
Uma ufuna thenga idayode engu-1n4148 Kufanele wazi ukuthi iyithuluzi elishibhile kakhulu, futhi ungalithola ezitolo ezikhethekile ze-elekthronikhi noma kwi-inthanethi ezindaweni ezifana ne-Amazon. Isibonelo, nazi izincomo:
- Isikhwama esikhwameni esinezinhlobonhlobo zama-diode angama-300, kufaka phakathi i-1n4148
- Amayunithi angama-25 we-1n4148 diode rectifier diode
- 50-iphakethe le-1n4148