Isikhulisi sokusebenza - siyini?

Uma ufuna ukufunda kabanzi ngaye i-amplifier yokusebenza, noma uma namanje ungazi ukuthi kuyini, lapha ungaqonda okwengeziwe ngalolu hlobo lwedivayisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumasekethe amaningi, ngoba zilusizo kakhulu ekusebenziseni okuningi.

Ngenxa yabo, izimpawu ze-analog zingacutshungulwa, imisebenzi eminingi nabo, qhathanisa, njll. Namuhla bakhona kumasekethe amaningi owasebenzisa nsuku zonke, kufaka phakathi ibhodi lakho. I-Arduino...

Yini i-amplifier esebenzayo?

El umqondo op izovela ngo-1947. Eyokuqala yakhiwa kusetshenziswa amashubhu okugcoba azosetshenziswa kumakhompyutha wokuqala we-analog. Ngenxa yabo, imisebenzi eyisisekelo yezibalo ingenziwa, njengokungezelela, ukususa, ukuphindaphinda, ukwahlukanisa, ukukhipha, ukuhlanganisa, njll. Kungakho abizwa ngokuthi ama-amplifiers "asebenzayo"

Kuze kube ngo-1964, sibonga abadumile I-Fairchild Semiconductor, i-amplifier yokuqala yokusebenza kwe-monolithic eyakhelwe kusekethe ehlanganisiwe ibingeke ifike, njengoba isatshalaliswa namuhla. Kwakuwumsebenzi wonjiniyela uRobert John Widlar, futhi kwabekwa uphawu μA702. Ukusuka lapho ibizoguquka iye ku-741 μA1968, i-bipolar chip eye yaba yizinga lomkhakha.

Lezi zikhulisi ezisebenzayo (ezaziwa nangokuthi i-Op Amp), zingamadivayisi akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngokuya ngezinto ze-elekthronikhi ezihambisana nayo ezibekiwe. Lezi zinto zizonamathiselwa izikhonkwane zalo ezi-5 (i-pinout):

• - okokufaka: ukufaka okuguqukayo.
• + okokufaka: ukungena okuqondile, okungukuthi, ongeyena-zimali.
• Okukhiphayo: Phuma.
• + Amav: kungukudla okuhle.
• -Amav: ukuphakelwa okungekuhle.

Kulawa madivayisi amanye izimo ezithile ukuthi kufanele wazi. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Akukho ukungena kwamanje / okushiya izikhonkwane ezingaguquki nezingaguquki ngoba i-impedance phakathi kwalaba bobabili ayinamkhawulo (ku-op amp ekahle).
• Inzuzo yokwehluka kokufanelekayo nayo izophela, yize empeleni kungenzeki, ngoba lapho ukufinyelelwa kufinyelelwa, amandla okuphuma ahlala njalo.
• Umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kokufaka kokuphambukayo nokungaphenduki kufanele kube uziro.
• Inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu. Kepha kulinganisiwe, okungukuthi, kuzofana kokufakwayo kokubili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okukhiphayo aku-zero uma zombili izinto ezifakwayo zondliwa ngamasiginali alinganayo nangobumbano obulinganayo
• Ukumelana kokufaka okuphezulu kakhulu, kanye nokumelana kokukhipha okuphansi kakhulu.
• Njenganoma iyiphi enye amp, bangafinyelela endaweni yabo yokugcwala. Ngaleso sikhathi, isignali yokukhipha ngeke iqhubeke nokwanda noma ngabe umehluko phakathi kwamasignali wenza.
• Umkhawulokudonsa nawo awunamkhawulo esimweni esihle, kepha esimweni sangempela akunakwenzeka. Lokhu kukhombisa ububanzi bemvamisa lapho umsebenzi wokusebenza onikeziwe ugcinwa unembile.

Futhi njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, i-op amp iyithuluzi elingakwazi khuphula noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesiginali (i-voltage noma umfutho), zombili kushintshana zamanje nezamanje. Futhi lokho kwanele ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngokuya ngamalungiselelo noma izindlela esizobona esigabeni esilandelayo ...

Izindlela zokusebenza

Into enhle nge-op amp ukuthi ingakwazi zilungiselelwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukuze usebenze ngokuhlukile:

Umtshalizimali

I-op amp ingasebenza njenge-amplifier voltage umtshalizimali hhayi umtshali-zimali. Uma uyenza njenge-inverter, amandla okukhipha aphikisana nesigaba kumandla wokufaka (esikhundleni sesigaba esifanayo nakuma-non-inverters).

Futhi, kufanele wazi ukuthi bangasebenza bobabili nge okwamanje okuqhubekayo nokushintsha manje kulolu hlobo lokumisa Endabeni ye-AC, i-capacitor C1 izofakwa ochungechungeni naphambi nje kwe-R1.

Kulokhu, ukuzuza kungabalwa nefomula:

A_v = - R₂ /R₁

Ngenkathi ungakwazi abale ukumelana exhuma kokufaka kanye nomhlabathi nge:

R₃ =R₁ R₂ /R₁ + R₂

Hhayi zimali

Isikhulisi sokusebenza hhayi umtshali-zimali izonikezwa amandla ngokufaka okungaguquguquki, futhi isignali yokukhipha isesigabeni naleyo yokufaka. Kulokhu ingasebenza futhi kulokhu kulungiselelwa kwe-DC njenge-AC, enezela esimweni sesibili ama-capacitor amabili, i-C1 kokufaka okuqondile, kanye ne-C2 ngokulandelana phakathi kwe-R1 nomhlabathi.

Kulokhu, inzuzo ibalwa ngokuhlukile:

A_v = R₁ + R₂ /R₁

Ngenkathi i ukumelana kwesithathu isabalwa nefomula efanayo naku-inverter ...

Isengezo sevolthi

I-op amp ingasetshenziselwa hlanganisa amasiginali okokufaka okuvela emithonjeni ehlukene. Lolu hlobo lwesekethe lusebenzisa okokufaka okumbalwa (kufika kuma-10, yize kukhona ama-3 kuphela esithombeni).

Okwenzeka lapha ukuthi i- amandla ilingana nesamba semisinga ethile yokufakwayo (njengoba kusungulwe ngumthetho kaKirchhoff):

I_i = Mina₁ + Mina₂ + Mina₃

Ngayinye yalezi ngamandla, ukusebenzisa i- Umthetho ka-Ohm, kuzoncika kusuka:

I₁ = V₁ /R₁

I₂ = V₂ /R₂

I₃ = V₃ /R₃

Njengoba umfutho wamanje wokufaka unenani elifanayo futhi ungophawu oluphambene ne okukhipha njengamanje, kunganqunywa ukuthi:

I_i = - Mina_o

Ngakho-ke, kunganqunywa ukuthi i- amandla okukhipha kube:

V_o = Mina_o R₄ = -I_i R₄

Kulokhu, ngiyaphinda ngiyengeza ama-capacitor ingasebenza futhi ne-AC ...

Isikhombi se-Voltage

Kulokhu, kuyi- umehluko amplifier okwakhiwa ngumtshali-zimali kanye nongenzi zimali. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukhipha ukushintshana nokuqondisa imisinga, kuzokwanela ukubeka noma ukususa ama-capacitors ochungechungeni nama-resistor okokufaka kwawo.

Kulokhu, amandla okukhipha kube:

V_o = V_o1 +V_o2 =R₄ /R₁ (V_o1 +V_o2)

Ukuqhathanisa

Ngokucushwa okufana ne- isiqhathanisi, amanani amabili ohlobo olufanayo lwesiginali azofaniswa futhi isignali yokukhipha izokhombisa ukuthi amanani wokufaka afanayo noma cha. Okusho ukuthi, okulandelayo kungenzeka:

Uma i-V_i1 <V_i2  okukhipha i-V_o kuzoba kuhle.

Uma i-V_i1 > V_i2  okukhipha i-V_o kuzoba okungekuhle.

Kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi uma kusetshenziswa isekethe ku- iluphu evulekile (ngaphandle kokuphikiswa kwempendulo), kuzoziphatha njengesiqhathanisi sevolthi.

Ezinye izilungiselelo

Ungakwazi lungiselela ezinye izindlela Kula ma-amplifiers asebenzayo, axhume ku-cascade, futhi afake ama-resistors ngama-potentiometers ukwenza ama-amplifiers wokuthola okuguquguqukayo, njengesihlanganisi, okuphuma kokunye, njengabaguquli, kwemisebenzi ye-logarithmic ne-exponential, i-comparator iwindi, njll. Kepha lezi zivame ukwedlula lezo engizichaze ngenhla ...A

Aplicaciones

I-Las izinhlelo zokusebenza kulawa ma-opps angaba amaningi. Kufanele ngabe uzisebenzisile. Eqinisweni, akhona kumabhodi athile entuthuko, kuma-calculator edijithali, kuzihlungi zesistimu yomsindo (ukudlula okuphezulu, ukudlula okuphansi, umkhawulokudonsa, okokuhlunga okusebenzayo, ama-oscillator), kuma-preamplifiers nama-audio / video buffers, kuma-regulators, converters, adapters level (isib.

Su nokuguquguquka Kungenxa yokuthi zingasebenza njengeziqhathaniso zesiginali, abalandeli bamandla kagesi, izikhulisi ezingaguquguquki, isengezi esiguqukayo, njengesengezi esiguqukayo, njengesihlanganisi, i-shunt, isiguquli samanje se-voltage, semisebenzi ye-logarithmic noma yokuveza izinto, njengeDigital / Analog abaguquli, njll.

Ama-amplifiers asebenza kakhulu

Uma ungumenzi noma wenza uhlobo oluthile lwephrojekthi ye-DIY, ngokuqinisekile uzofuna ukwazi ezinye zazo amamodeli we-op amp ajwayelekile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo:

• μA709M
• LM741
• LM1458
• I-LM358N
• LM324
• I-LF353-N
• Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
• Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
• I-OP07
• MAX4238
• Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele.
• LM339
• CA 3130
• CA 3140
• TL071
• TL082
• I-IC747