I-Las amasango e-logic ayisisekelo se-digital electronics. Ngalesi sizathu, zibaluleke kakhulu, futhi uma ufuna ukuqala ukusebenza nazo, kufanele uzazi ukuthi ziyini, zakhiwe kanjani, kanye nomsebenzi wazo. Ngakho ungasebenzisa uchungechunge chips ezikhona emakethe ukuthi babe lolu hlobo iminyango ukuze ungaqala ukwenza amaphrojekthi akho siqu ukusebenza nale logic.
Lezi zicabha, zihlangene nezinye Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, ngisho namapuleti afana I-Arduino, banganikeza umdlalo omningi kubenzi njengoba uzibonela.
Ayini amasango anengqondo?
I-Las amasango enengqondo ziyizici ezibalulekile zelogic yedijithali ukuze kusetshenziswe amasekhethi kagesi edijithali. Lawa masango ahlinzeka ngamasignali kagesi aphansi (0) noma aphezulu (1) ekuphumeni kwawo kuye ngesimo sokufakwa kwawo. Ngokuvamile zinendlela yokuphuma eyodwa nezindawo zokungena ezimbili, kodwa kungase kube nezicabha ezineminyango engaphezu kuka-2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izici ezikhethekile ezifana nesango eliguqukayo noma CHA, linokufaka okukodwa kanye nokuphumayo okukodwa.
Ngenxa yalokhu okokufaka kwe-Boolean kanye nemiphumela ongayithola imisebenzi enengqondo kanambambili eyisisekelo, njengokwengeza, ukuphindaphinda, ukuphika, njll.
Zenziwa kanjani?
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- Isango le-NAND ku-TTL
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- Isango le-NAND ku-CMOS
Amasango anengqondo awakwazi ukuqaliswa ngendlela eyodwa kuphela. Eqinisweni, yingakho kunezinhlobonhlobo imindeni enengqondo. Ngamunye wale mindeni uzosebenzisa isango ngendlela eyodwa, usebenzisa izingxenye ezahlukene ze-elekthronikhi.
Por ejemploUma i-TTL isetshenziselwa i-chip, amasango azokwakhiwa ngama-bipolar transistors, kuyilapho ingqondo ye-CMOS isekelwe kuphela kuma-transistors e-MOSFET. Ngaphezu kwale mindeni emibili, evame ukuthandwa kakhulu, kukhona neminye efana ne-BiCMOS (ihlanganisa ama-bipolar kanye nama-CMOS transistors), i-RTL (ama-resistors nama-bipolar transistors), i-DTL (ama-diode nama-transistors), i-ECL, i-IIL, njll.
Awukho umndeni ongcono kakhulu kunomunye, kuzoya ngesicelo. Kodwa noma kunjalo, I-CMOS Ingenye esetshenziswa kakhulu kumasekethe athuthukile, njenge-CPU, i-MCU, i-GPU, inkumbulo, njll. Kwamanye amasekhethi alula kujwayelekile futhi ukuthola i-TTL.
Aplicaciones
Ukusetshenziswa kwala masango anengqondo akupheli. Ngalezi "zitini" ezibalulekile ungakha ubuningi beziyingi zedijithali. Kusukela ku-adder elula, kuya ku-CPU eyinkimbinkimbi, ngokusebenzisa ezinye izifunda eziningi ongazicabanga. Eqinisweni, amasistimu amaningi owasebenzisa nsuku zonke, njenge-PC yakho, i-TV yakho, iselula, njll., anezigidigidi zamasango anengqondo.
Un isibonelo esisebenzayo ukusetshenziswa kwamasango anengqondo kungaba yile adder elula ongayibona esithombeni esingenhla. Kuyisifunda esilula kakhulu, esikwazi ukwengeza izingcezu ezimbili (A no-B) kokufakwayo ukuze sinikeze umphumela we-Sum, kanye ne-Carry, okungukuthi, lokho okususa ... Ungabona imiphumela nika etafuleni elilandelayo:
| A | B | Sum | Yithwala | Umphumela kanambambili |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 00 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 01 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 01 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
Uma ubheka leli thebula, uma wengeza u-0 + 0 ku-binary likunika u-0, uma wengeza u-1 + 0 u-1, kodwa uma wengeza u-1 + 1 uzonikeza u-2, okusebenza ohlelweni kanambambili oluhambisana no-10.
Izinhlobo zamasango anengqondo
Ngokuqondene ne izinhlobo zamasango e-logic, unenani elihle lazo, nakuba ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo (namathebula azo eqiniso):
- I-Buffer (Yebo): yaziwa njengebhafa noma isango eliqondile, njengoba ukuphuma kwayo kuzoba nesimo esifanayo nokokufaka kwayo. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kungenamsebenzi, kumasekhethi amaningi anengqondo ngokuvamile kuvame ukusetshenziswa njenge-amplifier yamanje noma njengomlandeli we-voltage.
| entry | Phuma |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 |
- AKUKHO (inverter): ukuphika okunengqondo (¬ o '), okungukuthi, iguqula kancane kancane ekuphumeni kwayo.
| entry | Phuma |
|---|---|
| 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 |
- KANYE (Y): leli elinye isango lenza umsebenzi womkhiqizo (·) wamabhithi kanambambili wokufaka kwawo. Okusho ukuthi, kuzofana nokuphindaphinda u-A no-B. Ngakho-ke, noma yini ngoziro inguziro, izonika eyodwa kuphela ekuphumeni kwayo uma kokubili okokufaka kungu-1. Ngakho-ke igama layo ngu-1 NO-1.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
- IGOLIDE): leli elinye isango lenza umsebenzi wokwengeza onengqondo (+). Okungukuthi, okuphumayo kwakho NOMA okunye, NOMA kokubili kumele kube koku-1 ukuze okukhiphayo kube ngu-1. Uma kokubili kungu-0, okukhiphayo kuba ngu-0 futhi.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
- XOR (noma okukhethekile): Lokhu okukhethekile NOMA kwenza umsebenzi we-Boolean A'B + AB ', futhi uphawu lwayo luthi
. Kulokhu, uma okokufaka kwayo okubili kuyalingana, okukhiphayo ngu-0. Uma ehlukene, kuzoba ngu-1.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
- I-NAND (Y yalile): iwumkhiqizo onengqondo owaliwa, okungukuthi, okuphambene ne-AND. Kufana nokusebenzisa okuthi Hhayi kokuphumayo KANYE ukuze uguqule amabhithi okukhiphayo. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yilena:
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
- NOMA (Noma kunqatshiwe): isamba esinengqondo esilahliwe, noma yini efanayo, NOMA nokuphumayo okulahliwe, okuholela ekuphendukeni kokuthi NOMA.
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
- I-XNOR (okukhethekile NOR): kufana nokusebenzisa umphelelisi kanambambili esangweni le-XOR. Okusho ukuthi, yenza umsebenzi we-AB + A'B '. Izikhathi B zengezwe ku-A izikhathi B zinqatshiwe. Ngakho-ke, okuphumayo kuzofana nalokhu kwe-XOR ehlanekezelwe:
| A | B | S |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
Kokubili i-NOR ne-NAND ngamasango amabili athakazelisa kakhulu, njengoba aziwa ngokuthi amasango logic jikelele. Okusho ukuthi, ungenza amasekhethi kuphela nawo ukuze amele noma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwesango le-logic. Lokhu kubalulekile, njengoba uma uthenga ama-chips ngalezi zicabha, ungaba nayo yonke imisebenzi. Isibonelo, uma okokufaka okubili kwe-NOR kubhuloho noma i-NAND ilingana nokuthi HAYI. Unokuningi okufanayo lapha:
Imisebenzi: electronics-tutorials.ws
Te NgiyelulekaUkuze ufunde kabanzi, i-Google isifunda esilula esinanoma yimaphi amasango. Futhi ukuze uthole ukuthi yenzani, yenza uhlobo "lwe-reverse engineering", landela imigqa yokokufaka nokuphumayo futhi ubone isimo somugqa ngamunye ngokuvumelana nokokufaka okunikezwayo kokuphumayo.
Por ejemploUma ubheka isithombe esingenhla, umdwebo wokulingana we-NOMA onamasango e-NAND, uzobona ukuthi unamasango e-NAND amabili anokukhishwa kwawo okuhlanganisiwe futhi kokubili okukhiphayo kuya kwenye i-NAND. Gcina lokhu okulandelayo engqondweni:
- Uma uya kuthebula leqiniso le-NAND, uzobona ukuthi uma okokufaka kwakho okubili kungu-0 okukhiphayo kuba ngu-1, futhi uma okokufaka kwakho okubili kungu-1 okukhiphayo kuba ngu-0.
- Njengoba efinyezwa, uma okokufaka kungu-1 (owodwa ungena kokubili), umphumela uba ngu-0. Futhi uma okokufaka kungu-0 (kokubili uziro), okukhiphayo kuzoba ngu-1, okulingana nokuthi NOT.
- Ngakho-ke, sinama-NOT amabili wamabhithi A no-B. Ekuphumeni kwawo sizoba no-A 'no-B'.
- Lokho kuphikisa okubili kungena ku-NAND yokugcina, ezokwenza umkhiqizo onengqondo ophambene walezo zingcezu ezimbili.
- Ngokusho kwemithetho ye-logic, lokhu kulingana nesamba esiqondile, okungukuthi, A + B. Ngakho-ke, umphumela wokugcina uzoba sengathi u-NOMA ...
I-Logic Gate Chip Series - Ungathenga kuphi
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- Isango elinengqondo le-DIP chip
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- Umdwebo wangaphakathi we-chip
Ezitolo ezikhethekile electronics ungakwazi thenga ama-chips ashibhile ngamasango anengqondo ukuqala ukusebenzisa kumaphrojekthi akho. Lawa ma-chips awalona isango elilodwa le-logic, kodwa akuvumela ukuthi ube namaningi awo ukuze ukwazi ukuxhumanisa okokufaka kwawo kanye nemiphumela njengoba udinga. Isibonelo, kumdwebo osesithombeni esingenhla ungabona iphinikhodi evamile ye-chip ye-DIP enamasango angu-4 e-NAND. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi inezikhonkwane ezimbili zamandla (Vcc kanye I-GND).
Nazi ezinye izincomo zokuthenga:
- Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele..
- I-Huaban: Ikhithi ye-30-chip enamasango e-NAND jikelele.
- I-Zebulon: 120 CMOS chip kit.
Ezinye izinsiza
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokuqalisa la masango nokuthi ungaqala kanjani ukudala ama-circuits ngawo, ungasebenzisa lawa masango. Ama-otros recursos yini engiyincomayo:
- Isofthiwe ye-SimulIDE ukukwazi ukulingisa ukusebenza kwalezi zifunda ngamasango. Kumahhala, umthombo ovulekile, kanye nenkundla ehlukene.
- I-Calculator kanambambili eku-inthanethi (Ungasebenzisa futhi isibali sesistimu yakho yokusebenza kumodi kanambambili).
- Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele..
- I-Digital Logic Circuits Book: kusuka kumklamo kuya ekuhlolweni.
I-Digital logic nge-Arduino
Enye insiza yini onayo ezandleni zakho uma usunayo ipuleti Arduino UNO kusezandleni zakho sebenzisa i-Arduino IDE ukuze udale imidwebo ezilingisa le misebenzi enengqondo ukuze, ngokwesibonelo, zibone umphumela ngendlela ebonakalayo kakhulu nge-LED elingisa ukuphuma komnyango. Isibonelo, ukubeka i-LED kuphinikhodi 7 nokusebenzisa u-8 no-9 njengokufakwayo A no-B:
int pinOut = 7;
int pinA = 8;
int pinB = 9;
void setup()
{
pinMode(pinOut, OUTPUT);
pinMode(pinA, INPUT);
pinMode(pinB, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
boolean pinAState = digitalRead(pinA);
boolean pinBState = digitalRead(pinB);
boolean pinOutState;
//AND
pinOutState =pinAState & pinBState;
digitalWrite(pinOut, pinOutState);
}
Lapha kusetshenziswe umsebenzi KANYE KANYE (&), njengoba ubona, kodwa ungakwazi esikhundleni salowo mugqa wekhodi ngaphansi komugqa // KANYE nabanye ongawusebenzisa. eminye imisebenzi enengqondo:
//OR pinOutState = pinAState | pinBState; //NOT pinOutState = !pinAState; //XOR pinOutState = pinAState ^ pinBState; //NAND pinOutState = !(pinAState & pinBState); //NOR pinOutState = !(pinAState | pinBState); //XNOR pinOutState = !(pinAState ^ pinBState);