Imishini ye-CNC: isiqondiso sokulawula izinombolo

I-Las Imishini ye-CNC ihlasele imikhakha eminingi yezimboni nama-workshops azo zonke izinhlobo, futhi muva nje futhi kokunye kwezinhlobonhlobo zayo ezithembisa kakhulu: Amaphrinta we-3D. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto zokwakha zingasetshenzwa ngezindlela eziningi, ngokunemba ngokuphelele, ngokushesha, futhi ngemiphumela okunzima ukuyifinyelela ngezinqubo ezenziwa ngesandla. Lezi ezinye zezinzuzo zalezi zinhlelo esizozichaza lapha.

Yini i-CNC

I-CNC (Computerized Numerical Control), noma iComputer Numerical Control ngesiNgisi, Kuwuhlelo olusabalele kwezobunjiniyela ukucubungula izinto zokwakha nezingxenye ezinokungenelela okuncane komuntu. Isu le-CNC liphuma kulawulo lwezinombolo, isistimu ezenzakalelayo yamathuluzi omshini asetshenziswa ngemiyalo ngamasondo ezandla noma amalevu. Kodwa-ke, le mishini isishintshile futhi manje isivumela ukulawula kwayo ngesofthiwe nekhompyutha ukuze iqhubekisele phambili inqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi inikeze ukusebenza okungcono.

Ukusebenza kwalezi zinhlelo ze-CNC kulula ukukuqonda. Isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwengxenye ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwe izixhumanisi ezizocacisa ukunyakaza kwethuluzi (ukusika, ukubhola, ukugaya, ukushisela...). Ngokufana nokusebenza kwephrinta ye-3D, engaqondwa futhi njengomshini we-CNC, esikhundleni sokwenza imishini, ekwenzayo ukwengeza izendlalelo zezinto zokwakha ingxenye.

Futhi njengamaphrinta e-3D, ungaba nezimbazo eziningi, njenge i-X, Y kanye no-Z, ukukwazi ukwenza ukugudluzwa kwe-longitudinal, mpo kanye nokuphambene ngokulandelana. Ngabanye ama-servomotor futhi / noma ama-stepper motors, ithuluzi lizoyiswa endaweni eqondile ekhonjiswe isofthiwe yekhompiyutha, futhi umshini uzokwenziwa ngokushesha nangokunemba okuphezulu.

Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-CNC, kwakudingeka abasebenzi ukuze baphathe amathuluzi mathupha, kodwa ukwehluleka okungenzeka bangakwenza kuthinte izinga, ukuphindaphinda, izindleko nokuncipha kokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, cabanga ngomsebenzi esitolo se-aluminium ofuna ukubhola amafreyimu efasitela. Lo msebenzi udinga ukuthi:

Umsebenzisi uthatha ucezu.
Ibeke etafuleni lomsebenzi.
Faka ingxenye efanelekile ku-drill.
Futhi ukubhoboza.

Lokhu ukwenza umgodi owodwa akuyona inkinga, kodwa cabanga ukuthi amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zazo zidinga ukwenziwa ukuze kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa okukhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izimbobo ezifanayo. Uma kunjalo, abasebenzi abanele, futhi yilapho imishini cnc kulethe intuthuko enkulu embonini. Kulesi simo, izinyathelo zizoba:

Qinisekisa ukuthi umshini uphakelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo (ngezinye izikhathi ungaba nokudla okuzenzakalelayo).
Iqale ngohlelo oludingekayo (kungase kudingeke kanye kuphela futhi ubonise inani lokuphindaphinda).
Futhi uzobe ephethe ukwenza izimbobo ngokunemba futhi aziphindaphinde kaningi ngokudingekayo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthi opharetha angenele.

Futhi, ingasebenza ngokushesha kuno-opharetha futhi ayikhathali, ngakho konke kuyinzuzo yemboni noma ishabhu.

Iyini imishini ye-CNC futhi isebenza kanjani?

Una Umshini we-CNC uwuhlobo lomshini wokwenza imishini osetshenziswa ukulawula izinombolo zekhompyutha.. Ngale ndlela, i-automation yenqubo ifinyelelwa ngokusungula izixhumanisi eziqondile zokusika, ukushisela, ukugaya, ukubumba, ukugaya, ukubeka izingxenye, njll., yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha, kusukela kwezithambile ezifana nama-polymers, igwebu, i-MDF, noma izinkuni, ngisho okuqinile njengemabula, insimbi, amatshe, njll.

Ngokufanayo, imishini ye-CNC ivumela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe impendulo ehlala iqapha futhi ilungisa isivinini kanye nokuma kwamathuluzi asetshenziswa ekwenzeni imishini, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokugcinwa njalo kwezandla. Ngisho nabanye abathuthuke kakhulu banezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zokubona izinkinga, ukulawula izinga lomsebenzi noma ingxenye, njll., noma baxhunywe uma kuyimboni 4.0.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi eminye imishini ye-CNC basebenza ngokuhlukile:

khomba ekulawuleni iphuzu: Kulolu hlobo lwemishini ye-CNC, izindawo zokuqala nezokugcina zomzila ngamunye zizosungulwa.
ukulawulwa kwe-paraxial: kuzo kungenzeka ukulawula isivinini sokunyakaza kwezingcezu.
ukulawulwa kwe-interpolate: benza ubuciko nganoma iyiphi indlela ehambisana nezimbazo zabo.

Nakuba lezi akuzona izinhlobo zemishini ye-cncSizofaka lokho ngokuningiliziwe kokuthunyelwe okuzayo.

historia

Ukunyathelisa kokuqala okwaqala ukwenziwa kwakwenziwa ngesandla ngokuphelele, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamathuluzi angavamile ayethuthukisiwe kancane kancane. Kusuka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, imboni ithathe igxathu elikhulu emishinini eqhutshwa amandla ukuze yonge umzamo owenziwa ngezandla, ikhulise ukukhiqiza nokusebenza kahle.

Le mishini ibingakasuswa kakhulu abasebenzi, okwakusabalulekile kakhulu. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ukukhiqiza ingxenye kuthathe isikhathi eside, kunezindleko eziphakeme kanye nezilinganiso eziphansi zenzuzo, futhi ikhwalithi nokunemba okutholiwe kwakungahlangani kuzo zonke izingxenye ezikhiqizwayo.

En los Ama-40's nama-50's, imishini yokulawula izinombolo iqala ukwakhiwa e-United States. UJohn T. Parsons, owayengunjiniyela ngaleso sikhathi, wayeshintsha umshini wokugaya ngaleso sikhathi ukuze ulawulwe ngokufaka amakhadi ashaywayo, okwandulela inkumbulo yanamuhla nesofthiwe. Ngale ndlela, imishini yathola ulwazi mayelana nokunyakaza okuqondile okwakudingeka ikwenze ukuze imshini ingxenye futhi ayizange idinge ukungenelela kwabantu okungaka ukuze kusebenze ama-lever, amasondo okuqondisa, njll.

Lowo mshini weParsons wawuzoba ngomunye we abanduleli bemishini ye-CNC yanamuhla yesimanje. Kodwa kwakusewumshini wokugaya ongajwayelekile onohlelo lokulawula i-analog lwe-elekthronikhi olusebenzisa ama-vacuum valves. Lezi zinhlelo ziye zaduma kakhulu futhi zathuthuka ngokuvuthwa kwe-solid-state kanye ne-digital electronics. Ukusuka kumashubhu e-vacuum kuya kuma-transistors, ukusuka kuma-transistors kuye kumasekethe aphrintiwe bese kuya kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe, kuze kube ama-microcontrollers (MCUs) ashibhile ngokwanele ukuthi asetshenziswe kabanzi.

Khona-ke imishini ye-CNC yazalwa inezinhlelo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ezihlelekayo, ukuze ikwazi ukushintsha amanani omshini njengoba kudingekile. Kwe 70s Imishini ye-CNC esazi namuhla izofika, iyalwe yikhompyutha. Ngenxa yalesi esinye isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando, sikwazile ukulawula yonke inqubo ngokunembile kusuka ku-software, ukuhlela izinhlelo ezihlukene zokuzisebenzisa lapho ufisa, ukuguqula amapharamitha ngokushesha, njll.

Ezinsukwini zethu, ngokuthuthuka kwefu, kanye ne-IoT (I-inthanethi Yezinto), noma i-inthanethi yezinto, kuyenzeka ukuxhuma inqwaba yamadivayisi efwini nokuthi angakwazi ukusebenzisana ngendlela ehlakaniphe kakhulu ngayinye. okunye, ukunikeza indlela a Imboni 4.0, lapho imishini ye-CNC izokwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo kakhulu. Isibonelo, bebekwazi ukuxhumana bodwa ochungechungeni lokukhiqiza ukuze uma noma yimuphi umshini noma isiteji siba nokubambezeleka noma inkinga, imishini elandelayo ingavalwa ngenkathi ilinde ukonga amandla, noma banganquma isidingo sokulungisa izinga labo lokukhiqiza, njll.

Wenzani umshini we-CNC?

Uma kukhulunywa ngemininingwane ye- izingxenye noma izingxenye zomshini we-CNC, kungacashunwa izici ezilandelayo ezibalulekile:

Isisetshenziswa sokufaka

Kuyaziwa ngokuthi idivayisi yokufaka kusuka emshinini we-CNC kuya ohlelweni olusetshenziselwa ukukwazi ukulayisha noma ukuguqula idatha yenqubo yokwenza imishini. Isibonelo, kungaba iphaneli yokulawula, isikrini sokuthinta, njll. Okusho ukuthi, isixhumi esibonakalayo sokuvumela u-opharetha womshini ukuthi avule futhi alawule umshini.

Iyunithi yokulawula noma isilawuli

Kuyinto isistimu kagesi yedijithali okuzobe kuphethe ukuhumusha idatha efakiwe kanye nokukhiqiza uchungechunge lwezimpawu zokulawula ukulawula ukunyakaza kwama-servomotors ukuhambisa ikhanda lomsebenzi ngezimbazo kanye nethuluzi ukuze zenze lokho kanye okuboniswa uhlelo olufakwe umsebenzisi .

Ithuluzi

La ithuluzi Ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba yiyona eyenza umsebenzi womshini, lowo othintana nocezu olucutshungulwayo. Kungaba inhloko yamathuluzi amaningi, ekwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingana eyahlukene, noma amathuluzi angaguquki noma ashintshashintshayo. Isibonelo: i-drill bit, i-cutter, i-milling cutter, ithiphu ye-welding, njll.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kungase kube nezinhlobo ezahlukene zemishini ye-CNC ngokwemibandela yabo uhlobo kanye nenani lama-ekseli:

3 izembe: yizona ezivame kakhulu, ezine-eksisi engu-X, Y, kanye no-Z.
4 izimbazo: njengamanye amarutha noma amarutha e-CNC angeza i-eksisi engu-A kokuthathu kwangaphambilini. Lokhu kuvumela i-spindle ukuthi isuke kwesokunxele iye kwesokudla ukuze icubungule izindawo ezintathu ngesikhathi esisodwa, ikwazi ukuqopha isicaba noma nge-3D. Zilungele ukubaza izinkuni, izinsimbi, amaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi, njll.
i-axis ejikelezayo- Ine-spindle ejikelezayo yethuluzi, ekuvumela ukuthi ucubungule izindawo ezine ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lezi zinhlobo zemishini zisetshenziselwa ukukhanda izingxenye ze-cylindrical, izithombe zokhuni, izakhi zensimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi, njll.

Isistimu yokuqiniswa noma yokusekela

Kuyinto indawo lapho ucezu lufakwe ihange ukuze kuqhutshekwe nenqubo yomshini ngaphandle kokuba lunyakaze. Kuye ngesistimu, ingaba izinhlobo ezahlukene, ezinamahange noma ezingenawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zidinga okwengeziwe, njengezinhlelo zokuqoqa uthuli, noma ukusika indiza yamanzi, okungadinga ithange lamanzi noma indawo yokugcina amanzi ukuze iqoqe futhi ihlakaze amandla endiza uma isidlula engxenyeni.

Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukubizwa nombhede noma itafula. Eziningi zazo zivame ukwakhiwa ngezinto ezifana ne-aluminium, lapho izingcezu zidinga ukunamathiselwa etafuleni, ukucubungula amasilinda noma izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Esikhundleni salokho, umbhede wevacuum noma ithebula lizovala ingxenye ngaphandle kokuyibopha, okuvumela izinga eliphezulu lokunemba, ukuyaluza okuncane ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, kanye nezinga elikhulu lenkululeko.

Amadivayisi wempendulo (ama-servomotors)

Kukhona lezi zinhlobo zamadivayisi kuphela. impendulo ngemishini ye-CNC abasebenzisa ama-servo motors. Kwezinye akudingekile.

Gada

Ngaphezu kwakho konke okungenhla, kungase kube khona futhi ulwazi noma uhlelo lokuqapha yenqubo yokwenza imishini ngokwayo. Lokhu kungaba ngesixhumi esibonakalayo esifanayo lapho isebenza khona noma ngokuzimela.

Ezinye izingxenye

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kufanele kuqashelwe izakhi ezimbili ezibalulekile kanye:

Ama-Motors: kungamadivayisi anyakazayo noma avule ithuluzi lomshini ngokuya ngedatha etholwe kuyunithi yokulawula.
- Servo: ibekezelela isivinini esikhulu, ukuze ukwazi ukusika, ukubhola, njll. Ilungele umsebenzi othulile, ozinzile, namaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi.
- stepper: Lawa ma-stepper motors anenani eliphansi, kodwa asetshenziselwa ukuqoshwa okuyisisekelo noma ukunyakaza. Kulula ukuzilawula, zithembekile futhi zinembe kakhulu, okwenza zifaneleke lapho kudingeka khona ukunemba okukhulu.
ukuphotha: Le nto yomshini we-CNC ingaba nezinhlobo ezimbili zesistimu yokupholisa noma yokupholisa okungenzeka:
- Ngomoya: Apholiswa kalula yisiphepho esipholisa i-spindle, futhi ashibhile, kulula ukuwanakekela nokusebenzisa.
- Ngamanzi: Basebenzisa amanzi ukupholisa. Ibiza kakhulu, iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kunzima ukuyinakekela, kodwa ngokuvamile ihlala isikhathi eside, isebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ithule.

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