Amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe: ayini, umehluko nalawo aphrintiwe nokuningi

I-Los amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe, ama-chips, ama-microchips, i-IC (I-Integrated Circuit) noma i-CI (I-Integrated Circuit), noma ngabe ufuna ukuzibiza ngani, ziwuhlobo lwamasekhethi e-elekthronikhi asenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kumazinga amanje. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kusungulwa, amakhompiyutha kanye nezokuxhumana cishe bekungeke kube yilokho okuyikhona, futhi izinto zikagesi nezikagesi bezizohluka kakhulu.

Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuncane, nokuthi bakhona yonke indawo, lezi zifunda ezihlanganisiwe ziyacasha lezimanga ezinkulu ongazithola. Lapha ungafunda okwengeziwe ngalezi Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi...

Ayini amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe?

I-Los amasekethe ahlanganisiwe angamaphedi we-semiconductor ihlanganiswe futhi iqukethe isekethe ye-elekthronikhi erekhodiwe. Ngokuya ngomndeni onengqondo abangaba kuwo, lawa masekethi azokwakhiwa izingxenye ze-electronic ezincane ezihlukene. Isibonelo, zingaba ama-diode, ama-transistors, ama-resistors, ama-capacitors, njll.

Ngenxa yabo kuye kwenzeka ukuthuthukisa electronics yesimanje futhi baqale inkathi entsha ngokunikezwa ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu abakuvumelayo. Eqinisweni, amanye ama-chips anamuhla athuthuke kakhulu angahlanganisa kufika ezigidini zezigidi zama-transistors kukufa okungamamilimitha ambalwa nje isikwele.

Umlando wama-chips

Ekuqaleni, i-electronics yaqala ukusetshenziswa kabi ama-vacuum valve afana nezibani ezivamile. Lawa mavalvu ayemakhulu, engasebenzi kahle, ayeshisa kakhulu, futhi ephuka kalula, ngakho kwadingeka kushintshwe lawo aphephethiwe ukuze amakhompyutha nezinye izinto ezazinawo ziqhubeke nokusebenza.

En Ngo-1947 kwakuzovela ukusungulwa kwe-transistor, ucezu oluzothatha indawo yamavalvu amadala futhi olungashintsha izinto zikagesi. Ngenxa yakhe, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba nomshini wombuso oqinile, ongazweli kakhulu, osebenza kahle futhi oshesha kakhulu kunamavalvu. Kodwa-ke, abanye bacabanga ukuthi bangahlanganisa ezimbalwa zalezi zakhi zibe yi-silicon chip eyodwa. Lena yindlela amasekethe okuqala ahlanganisiwe emlandweni adalwe ngayo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-electronic state state eqinile yashintsha futhi yanciphisa usayizi wezingxenye, kanye nokwehlisa izindleko. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-50, umsunguli we-Texas Instruments ogama lakhe lingu Jack Kilby, kwafika kuye ukuthi enze i-semiconductor chip kanye nezintambo ezithile ezixhuma izingxenye ezahlukene. Lokhu kwaba i-chip yokuqala emlandweni, futhi wayezoqhubeka nokuwina uMklomelo KaNobel ngakho.

Icishe ifane, u-robert noninaNgaleso sikhathi, isisebenzi se-Fairchild Semiconductor (kamuva owaba omunye wabasunguli be-Intel), naye wakha umshini ofanayo, kodwa ngezinzuzo ezinkulu kune-Kilby. UNoyce wayedale umbono owawuzovula indawo yamasekethe anamuhla ahlanganisiwe. Lobu buchwepheshe babubizwa nge-planar, futhi babunobuhle kunobuchwepheshe be-mesa be-Kilby.

Kusukela lapho, ayizange ime ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwalezi zingxenye. Izindleko zehlile, njengoba nokonga kukaphethiloli nosayizi, kuyilapho ukusebenza nokusebenza kube ngcono kakhulu. Awukho omunye umkhakha osuthuthuke kangaka, futhi awukho omunye umkhakha obe nomthelela omkhulu kangaka esintwini ...

Zenziwa kanjani?

Inqubo ye ukwakhiwa kwamasekethe ahlanganisiwe iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele. Nokho, njengoba kubonakala kuvidiyo, ingafingqwa ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa ezilula ukuze abantu baqonde ukuthi zenziwa kanjani.

Lapha ngizozama finyeza izinyathelo zokuklama okungcono kakhulu, ngaphandle kokujula kakhulu, njengoba kunganikeza izinkulungwane zezindatshana:

1. Yiba yingxenye yesidingo, isicelo osidingayo ukwakha isifunda se-elekthronikhi.
2. Ithimba lokuklama liphethe ukucacisa izici kanye nokucaciswa okufanele i-chip ibe nakho.
3. Khona-ke, umklamo uzoqala ukusebenzisa amasango e-logic nezinye izakhi zenkumbulo, njll., kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa umklamo onengqondo othuthukisa umsebenzi oklanyelwe wona le chip.
4. Ngemuva kwalokhu, izodlula ochungechungeni lwezinyathelo phakathi kokuhlolwa nokulingisa okwenziwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi isebenza kahle ezingeni elinengqondo, futhi ngisho nama-chips okuhlola akhiqizwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi akwenza ngokomzimba.
5. Uma isigaba sokuklama sesiqediwe, uchungechunge lwamamaski okukhiqizwa luyakhiwa kusukela ekuhlelweni kwesekethe eklanyelwe. Kuqoshwe iphethini kuzo ukuze iqoshwe ku-silicon.
6. Le phethini isetshenziswa i-Foundry noma imboni, ukudala amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe ku-wafer ye-semiconductor. Lawa mawafa ngokuvamile aqukatha ama-chips angafika kwangu-200 noma angu-300 kwezinye izimo.

Lokhu kuze kufike esigabeni sokuklama, kusukela ohlangothini lokukhiqiza, sine:

1. I-silicon mineral itholakala esihlabathini noma i-quartz.
2. Uma isicwengisisiwe ukuze ibe yi-ultra-pure, noma i-EGS (i-Electronic-Grade Silicon), enezinga lokuhlanzeka elingaphezu kwe-silicon esetshenziswa kwezinye izimboni.
3. Le EGS ifika iyizicucu endaweni etholakala kuyo, lapho incibilikiswa khona ku-crucible futhi ngokusebenzisa ikristalu yembewu yenziwa ukuba ikhule kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Czochralski. Ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda, kufana nendlela uswidi wekotini ojwayelekile owenziwe ngayo emibukisweni, wethula induku (ikristalu yembewu) kanye nezinti zikakotini (i-silicon encibilikisiwe) futhi ukwanda kwevolumu.
4. Ekupheleni kwaleso sinyathelo, umphumela uba ingot, ucezu olukhulu lwe-monocrystalline silicon crystal esesimweni sesilinda. Le bar inqunywa ibe ama-wafers amancane kakhulu.
5. Lawa mawafa adlula ochungechungeni lwezinqubo zokupholisha indawo engaphezulu ukuze ahlale engangcolisiwe ekuqaleni kokukhiqizwa.
6. Ngemuva kwalokho, lawa mawafa azodlula ezinqubweni eziningi eziphindaphindayo ukuze enze ama-chips kuwo. Lezi zinqubo ziwuhlobo lwamakhemikhali aphathekayo, njenge-photolithography, etching noma etching, ukukhula kwe-epitaxial, i-oxidation, ukufakwa kwe-ion, njll.
7. Umqondo wokugcina uwukwenza izingxenye ze-electronic, ngokuvamile ama-transistors, ku-substrate eyilucwecwana, bese wengeza izingqimba ukuze uxhume izingxenye ezishiwo ukuze kwakhiwe amasango anengqondo kungqimba oluphansi kakhulu, khona-ke kulezi zingqimba ezilandelayo la masango axhunywe ukuze akhe amayunithi ayisisekelo (ama-add, amarejista, ...), kumayunithi asebenzayo ezendlalelo ezilandelayo (inkumbulo, i-ALU, i-FPU, ...), futhi ekugcineni wonke axhumene ukuze akhe isifunda esiphelele, isibonelo, i-CPU. Ku-chip ethuthukisiwe kungaba nezingqimba ezingafika kwezingu-20.
8. Ngemuva kwazo zonke lezi zinqubo, ezingathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ukuqeda, kuzotholakala amakhulu amasekhethi alinganayo ku-wafer ngayinye. Okulandelayo ukuwahlola nokuwasika, okungukuthi, ukuwahlukanisa abe ama-silicon chips ngamanye.
9. Manje njengoba sebefile, siqhubeka nokuhlanganisa (i-DIP, i-SOIC, i-PGA, i-QFP, ...) lapho i-chip ivikelwe futhi ama-pads axhunyiwe, okungamathrekhi ahambayo ebusweni, nezikhonkwane zesekethe ehlanganisiwe. .

Ngokusobala, akuzona zonke izifunda ezihlanganisiwe ezifanayo. Lapha ngikhulume ngamayunithi asebenzayo kanye nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi njenge-CPU, kodwa kukhona namasekhethi alula kakhulu njengesibali sikhathi esingu-555 noma i-IC enamasango angu-4 anengqondo alula kakhulu. Azoba nezingxenye ezimbalwa kuphela futhi azoxhunywa nesendlalelo esisodwa noma ezimbalwa zokuxhunywa kwensimbi ...

Izinhlobo zama-IC

Alukho uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, kodwa eziningana izinhlobo zamasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Ezigqame kakhulu ongazithola yilezi:

• Izifunda ezididiyelwe zedijithali: aziwa kakhulu, futhi asetshenziswa kumishini eminingi yesimanje, kusukela kumakhompyutha, kuya kumadivayisi eselula, ama-Smart TV, njll. Zibonakala ngokusebenza ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lwedijithali, okungukuthi, ngo-0 no-1, u-0 ube isignali yamandla aphansi futhi u-1 ube isignali ephezulu. Lena yindlela abafaka ngayo ulwazi futhi basebenze. Izibonelo kungaba ama-PLC, ama-FPGA, izinkumbulo, i-CPU, i-GPU, i-MCU, njll.
• I-Analog: esikhundleni sokusekelwe kumasignali kanambambili, kulokhu kuyizimpawu eziqhubekayo ukushintshashintsha kwe-voltage. Ngenxa yalokhu, bangakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi efana nokuhlunga, ukunwetshwa kwesignali, ukwehlisa, ukuguquguquka, njll. Kunjalo, amasistimu amaningi asebenza ngawo womabili amasekhethi e-analog nedijithali, asebenzisa Iziguquli ze-AD / DA. Angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu, amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe aqondile kanye nefrikhwensi yomsakazo (RF). Izibonelo kungaba i-chip yokuhlunga umsindo, izikhulisa-zwi, amasistimu akhiphayo noma okwamukela amagagasi kagesi, izinzwa, njll.
• Isiginali ehlanganisiwe ICs: njengoba igama liphakamisa, ayingxube yakho kokubili. Ezinye izibonelo kungaba iziguquli ze-analog-digital noma ze-analog-analog ngokwazo, ama-chips athile amawashi, izibali sikhathi, izishumeki / amadekhoda, njll.

Umehluko ngamasekhethi aphrintiwe

Amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe akufanele adideke namasekhethi aphrintiwe. Zombili ziyizinto ezahlukene. Ngenkathi eyokuqala ibhekisela kuma-microchips, njengoba usubonile, izifunda eziphrintiwe, noma i-PCBZingolunye uhlobo lwamasekhethi e-elekthronikhi aphrintwa kumapuleti amakhulu.

I-Las umehluko okuphawuleka kakhulu yilezi:

• Amasekhethi aphrintiwe: zenziwe ngepuleti elinephethini yemigqa yokuhambisa, njengamathrekhi ethusi ukuze axhumanise izingxenye ezifakiwe ezihlukene (ama-capacitor, ama-transistors, ama-resistors, ama-microchips, ...), athengiswa nge-tin soldering, ngaphezu kwe-dielectric. impahla ( substrate ) ehlukanisa izendlalelo zokuxhumanisa okuxhumayo. Futhi ngokuvamile ziba nezimbobo, noma i-vias, yezingxenye ze-non-surface mount (SMD). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile banenganekwane, uchungechunge lwamamaki, izinhlamvu nezinombolo ukuhlonza izingxenye futhi kube lula ukugcinwa. Ukuvikela ithusi, elikhipha i-oxidize kalula, ngokuvamile banokwelashwa okungaphezulu. Futhi, ngokungafani nama-circuits ahlanganisiwe, angalungiswa, athathe indawo yezingxenye ezilimele noma abuyisele ukuxhuma.
• Amasekhethi ahlanganisiweMancane kakhulu ngosayizi, isimo esiqinile, futhi anezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza ngobuningi. Ngokungafani ne-PCB, lezi azikwazi ukulungiswa njengoba izingxenye zazo nokuxhumana kuncane kakhulu kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka.

Awekho amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe athatha indawo yamasekhethi aphrintiwe noma ngokuphambene. Zombili zinokusetshenziswa kwazo futhi ezimweni eziningi zihamba ndawonye ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo ...

Amasekethe ahlanganisiwe aziwa kakhulu

Ekugcineni, kukhona uquqaba amasekethe adidiyelwe aziwa kakhulu abasebenzi bamaphrojekthi kagesi, njengalawo we amasango enengqondo. Ashibhile, futhi angatholakala kalula ezitolo ezifana ne-Amazon noma ama-electronics akhethekile. Isibonelo, nazi ezinye ezidume kakhulu:

• Ikhithi yama-ICs adumile angama-75 evela ku-Interstellar Electronics
• Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele..
• 10 ICs esibali sikhathi esidumile se-NE555.
• Ayikho imikhiqizo etholakele..