Usebenza kanjani umshini we-CNC kanye nezicelo

Imishini ye-CNC etholakala yonke indawo isezimbonini eziningi nama-workshops azo zonke izinhlobo. Izinzuzo zabo ezimangalisayo zenze zaba cishe imishini ebalulekile yokwenza izingxenye zomshini. Manje njengoba usuyazi ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zemishini ziyini, okulandelayo ukwazi ukuthi umshini CNC usebenza, indlela izingxenye ezisetshenziswa ngayo, ulimi lokuhlela ezilusebenzisayo, kanye nendlela le mishini esetshenziswa ngayo.

Usebenza kanjani umshini we-CNC: CNC noma umshini wokulawula izinombolo

Kusukela kumadizayini we-CAD (I-Computer-Aided Design noma i-Computer-Aided Design) noma i-CAM (I-Computer-Aided Manufacturing noma i-Computer-Aided Manufacturing), okunye ukufunda noma amakhodi olimi lapho umshini we-CNC uzokwazi ukulandela izindlela noma ukunyakaza okumakwe ukwenziwa kwengxenye ngendlela efanele ukuze kutholwe umphumela oyifunayo. Okusho ukuthi, ukuze ekupheleni kwenqubo, ingxenye ifane naleyo ekuklanyweni kwekhompyutha.

Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yala makhodi kuzokwenzeka unyakazise ikhanda ngethuluzi lomsebenzi ngezimbazo zomshini. Yiqiniso, ithuluzi lingahluka kusuka kumshini owodwa kuya komunye, abanye baze babe nekhanda lamathuluzi amaningi ukushintsha phakathi kwamaningana futhi banikeze ukuguquguquka okukhulu komsebenzi. Isibonelo, kungase kube namathuluzi okusika, amathuluzi okumba, amathuluzi okugaya noma okujika, amathuluzi okushisela, amathuluzi okuthola indawo, njll.

Ukulawula ukunyakaza

Imishini ye-CNC ine amakheli amabili noma ngaphezulu ahlelekayo (izimbazo). Ngokuvamile bangu-3 (X, Y, Z), nakuba ngezinye izikhathi bangaba nokuningi njengoba sibonile esihlokweni esandulele, ngaphezu kokuvumela ukujikeleza (izimbazo ezijikelezayo zibizwa ngokuthi A, B, C). Ngokuya ngenani lezimbazo, ungenza imishini eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma encane. Izimbazo ezengeziwe, izinga elikhulu lenkululeko yokuhamba, ngakho-ke ingenza imifanekiso eqoshiwe eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

para ukulawula ukunyakaza Kulezi zimbazo, izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zingasetshenziswa ezingasebenza ngazodwana noma ndawonye:

Amanani aphelele (ikhodi G90): kulesi simo izixhumanisi zendawo okuyiwa kuyo zibhekiselwa endaweni yomsuka yezixhumanisi. Kusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo X (isilinganiso sobubanzi bokugcina) kanye no-Z (ukulinganisa ngendlela ehambisana ne-eksisi yokujikeleza kwe-spindle).
Amanani akhuphukayo (ikhodi G91): kulokhu okunye izixhumanisi zendawo okuyiwa kuyo ziqondiswe endaweni yamanje. Kusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo okungu-U (ibanga le-radial) kanye no-W (okukalwa ngendlela ehambisana ne-eksisi yokujikeleza kwe-spindle).

Izesekeli ezihlelwe

Kuphela ngesilawuli sokunyakaza umshini we-CNC awukwazanga ukusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, imishini kufanele ihlelwe ngezinye izindlela. Uhlobo lomshini we-CNC, empeleni, luhlobene kakhulu nohlobo lwezesekeli ezihlelekayo enazo. Isibonelo, ngaphakathi komshini ungaba nemisebenzi ethile ehlelekayo efana nale:

ukushintsha ithuluzi okuzenzakalelayo: kwezinye izikhungo zemishini enamathuluzi amaningi. Ikhanda lethuluzi lingahlelwa ukuthi lisebenzise ithuluzi elidingekayo esimweni ngasinye ngaphandle kokulifaka ngesandla ku-spindle.
Isivinini se-spindle nokusebenza: Isivinini sokuphotha ekujikelezweni ngomzuzu (RPM) singahlelwa, okuhlanganisa isiqondiso sokuzungezisa (ngokuhamba kwewashi noma ngokuphambene newashi), kanye nokuma noma kusebenze.
Isiqandisi: Imishini eminingi yokwenza imishini esebenza ngezinto eziqinile, njengetshe noma insimbi, idinga okokupholisa umoya ukuze ingashisi ngokweqile. Isipholisi singahle futhi sihlelwe ukuthi sivuleke noma sivalwe ngesikhathi somjikelezo womsebenzi.

Uhlelo lwe-CNC

Imishini ye-CNC ingahlelwa, njengoba sekubonwe, kodwa ikwenza lokho izindlela ezahlukene okufanele ukwazi uma usebenza nenye yazo:

Manual: Ifaka ulwazi olufunayo ngomyalo womyalo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele wazi ikhodi ye-alphanumeric emisiwe, njengaleyo ye-DIN 66024 kanye ne-DIN 66025.
Okuzenzakalelayo: kuyicala elivame kakhulu njengamanje, futhi lenziwa kusetshenziswa ikhompuyutha exhunywe emshinini we-CNC. Umuntu uzokwazi ukuguqula idatha nge-software, ngaphandle kokudinga ukwazi amakhodi, ngoba uhlelo ngokwalo luzobe luphethe ukuwahumushela emiyalweni eqondakalayo yomshini we-CNC. Lokhu kwenziwa ngolimi olubizwa nge-APT, lona elizohunyushwa libe kanambambili (oziro kanye nalawo) ukuze isilawuli esincane somshini we-CNC sikwazi ukukuqonda futhi sikuhumushele ekunyakazeni.

Njengamanje, kukhona neminye imishini ye-CNC ethuthuke kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, njengalezi ezizenzakalelayo ezingase zidinge ngisho nokungenelela komuntu okuncane.

Isibonelo sohlelo lwe-CNC. Umthombo: Researchgate

Uhlelo olubizwa nge-CNC, olubhalwe ku-a ulimi olusezingeni eliphansi olubizwa nge-G kanye no-M (standarded by the ISO 6983 futhi I-EIA RS274) futhi yakhiwe:

G-amakhodi: imiyalelo yokunyakaza ejwayelekile. Isibonelo, u-G angaqhubekela phambili, ahambe ngokuphakama, ame kancane, ajikelezise, njalo njalo.
Amakhodi we-M: lokho akuhambisani nokunyakaza noma okuxubile. Izibonelo zika-M kungaba ukuqala noma ukumisa intambo yokuphotha, ukushintsha ithuluzi, ukufaka isipholile, njll.
N: uhlelo luhlukaniswe ngezigaba noma amabhlogo wemiyalo ezobe iholwa uhlamvu N. Ibhulokhi ngayinye ibalwa, njengoba izenzo zomshini zenziwa ngokulandelana. Umshini uzohlonipha izinombolo.
Okuguquguqukayo noma amakheli: Ikhodi futhi iqukethe lezi zinhlobo zamanani, ezifana no-F we-feedrate, S wejubane lokuphotha, T yokukhetha ithuluzi, I, J, kanye no-K ukuthola indawo emaphakathi ye-arc, X, Y, kanye no-Z yokuhamba izimbazo, njll.

Konke kuzoncika ohlotsheni lomshini. Isibonelo, umshini we-CNC wokugoba insimbi yeshidi awufani nowokusika. Eyokuqala ayinayo into yokuphotha futhi ayidingi ukupholisa.

Ithebula lesibonelo sekhodi ye-G kanye ne-M

Uma ubheka itafula elingenhla, singakwazi sebenzisa isibonelo vimba ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzekani. Isibonelo, zicabange unekhodi elandelayo noma uhlelo lwe-CNC:

I-N3 G01 X12.500 Z32.000 F800

Lawa mazwibela amancane ekhodi ye-CNC azobe etshela umshini we-CNC, uma usuhunyushelwe ku- kanambambili, ukuthi ukwenze. izenzo ezilandelayo:

N3 kukhombisa ukuthi yibhlokhi lesithathu okufanele libulawe. Ngakho-ke, kuzoba namabhulokhi amabili angaphambilini.
G01: yenza ukunyakaza komugqa.
X12.500: inganyakaza 12.5 mm eksisi X.
Z32.000: izonyakaza ngo-32 mm eksisi Z. Kulokhu ngeke kube khona umnyakazo kokuthi Y.
F800: Okuphakelayo kwenziwa ngesivinini esingu-800 mm/min.

Ulimi lwe-APT

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulimi olufanele kuwulimi lokuhlela oluzosetshenziswa njengekhodi emaphakathi phakathi kweyangaphambili kanye nekhodi yomshini (ikhodi kanambambili) eqondwa yi-MCU. Yakhiwe elabhorethri ye-MIT, nguDouglas T. Ross. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-1956, yayisetshenziswa ukulawula i-servomechanism, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo manje sekusakazekile futhi isiphenduke indinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe yokulawula izinombolo.

Kwacatshangelwa owandulela i-CAM, futhi iyafana nezinye izilimi ezifana ne-FORTRAN. Le khodi izoguqulwa isofthiwe yekhompuyutha ibe uchungechunge lwemiyalelo kanambambili ezolayishwa kunkumbulo yesilawuli esincane somshini we-CNC ukuze sikwazi ukusisebenzisa, sikhiqize amasignali okulawula ugesi ukuhambisa izinjini namathuluzi.

Lolu limi lwe-APT lunga lawula amapharamitha amaningi umshini CNC:

Isivinini se-spindle (RPM)
I-spindle Vuliwe noma Valiwe
Ukujikeleza
isitobhi esihleliwe
Isiqandisi
Ukunyakaza kuzo zonke izikhombisi-ndlela ezingaba khona (i-XYZ ne-ABC)
Isikhathi
phinda imijikelezo
ama-trajectories
Njll

Yiqiniso, labo abasebenzisa imishini ye-CNC abadingi ukwazi lolu limi lwe-APT, njengoba isofthiwe yamanje inembile futhi ivumela ukulawula okulula, ukuhumusha ngokusobala i-APT kumsebenzisi ukudala ingxenye eklanyelwe ifayela le-CAD/CAM. Nokho, akukaze kube buhlungu ukwazi ukuthi likhona nokuthi liyini.

Namuhla, imishini yesimanje ye-CNC isinayo kakade izindlela zokuqhafaza ngezikrini zokuthinta kanye nekhompyutha edidiyelwe esiza kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Zinengqondo ngokwedlulele, futhi azidingi ukufunda okuningi. Ngedrayivu yepeni noma inkumbulo ye-USB, bazokuvumela ukuthi ulayishe ukwakheka kwesiqephu, ngakho-ke ingaklanywa kwenye ikhompyutha ezimele.

Isilawuli se-CNC

El cnc-isilawuli Kuyoba yiyo ephethe ukutolika uhlelo lwe-CNC, imiyalo yalo ngokulandelana, futhi izokwenza ukunyakaza nemisebenzi edingekayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

Uhlelo lwe-CAM / CAD

Un Isoftware ye-CAD noma ye-CAM Izosetshenziselwa ukwakha umklamo noma imodeli yalokho okuhloswe ukwakhiwa. Isofthiwe yamanje isivele ivumela ukusuka kulolu hlobo lwamafomethi ukuya ohlelweni lwe-CNC ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Uhlelo lwe-DNC

Ngokuqondene ne I-DNC (Direct Numerical Control), igama elibhekisela kukhompuyutha exhunywe inethiwekhi emshinini owodwa noma eminingi ye-CNC. Ngale ndlela, uhlelo lwe-CNC lungadluliselwa emishinini, kungaba yi-Ehternet, noma ngamachweba akudala najwayelekile njengamachweba we-serial we-RS-232C, asasetshenziswa emishinini eminingi yezimboni.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomshini we-CNC

imishini cnc banezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kunalokho ocabanga ngakho. Iningi lemboni nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi, kusukela kwencane kuya kwenkulu, kuncike kwelinye noma amaningi kulawa maqembu. Zingasetshenziswa ngisho nasekhaya emisebenzini ethile ye-DIY yabakhi.

Ukungcebeleka (I-DIY nabenzi)

Abenzi abaningi baye benza kanjalo imishini encane ye-CNC yezinhlobo ezahlukene ekhaya ukwenza amaphrojekthi we-DIY. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ngabantu ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ekhaya:

Yenza izingcezu zobucwebe.
Ukucutshungulwa kwezinto zokwakha izingxenye noma izingxenye.
Dala izingxenye zokulungisa izimoto noma ezinye izinhlobo zezinto zokusebenza lapho izingxenye ezisele zingasathengiswa.
Yenza imisebenzi yobuciko noma okuqoshiwe.

Amaworkshops kanye nemboni yokukhiqiza

Kunjalo, emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, kokubili kuma-workshops namafekthri, futhi kuvame kakhulu ukubona imishini ye-CNC, kokubili yababazi, izitolo zokulungisa, izingxenye zokukhiqiza, imboni yendwangu, umkhakha we-aeronautical, umhlobiso, ukwakhiwa kwekhabhinethi, njll. Ngokwesibonelo:

Ishidi lensimbi yokusika i-laser.
I-Plasma Welding.
Khetha & Faka, noma ubeke izingxenye noma izingxenye khona kanye endaweni yazo yokuhlangana.
Ukugotshwa kwezinsimbi, amashubhu, amapuleti...
Ukubhoboza.
Ukuphenduka noma ukugaya izinkuni.
Ukwenziwa kwezingxenye zangokwezifiso.
Ukukhiqiza amamodeli noma okungeziwe.
Ukwakhiwa kwezimila noma izitho zokufakelwa ukuze zisetshenziswe kwezokwelapha.
Ukuqoshwa.
Njll

imboni yezogesi

Ukukhulunywa okukhethekile kufanele imishini ye-CNC nayo esetshenziswe emkhakheni oqhudelanayo futhi othuthuke njengalowo we imboni ye-elekthronikhi kanye ne-semiconductor. Le mishini ingenza inani elikhulu lemisebenzi, efana nale:

Ukusika i-wafer ye-semiconductor.
Ukwenziwa kwamasinki okushisa ngamabhulokhi ethusi noma e-aluminium.
Ukwakhiwa kwama-casings/izakhiwo zamakhompuyutha, amathelevishini, amaselula, njll.
Khetha & Indawo yokubeka izinto zokukhweza ngaphezulu ebhodini le-PCB endaweni ukuze lifakwe ngokusoda.
Ukushisela.
Ukuqoshwa kwe-laser kwemikhiqizo namalogo.
Ukubumba amalensi.
Njll

Hardwarelibre