Ma LED ane mavara: unowana sei mavara akasiyana?

ari Akavezwa maLED Vanga vachitiperekedza mumakore achangopfuura. Pese nguva mitsva mitsva ye LED inoonekwa, sezvo yanga isiri nyore muzviitiko zvese. Semuenzaniso, sekuda kuziva, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti mwenje chena maLED uye bhuruu mwenje maLED anga ari pakati pekupedzisira kusvika pamusika.

Parizvino, vava rudzi rwe diode zvakakosha kune dzakawanda minda. Naizvozvo, munyaya ino uchadzidza Zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive Pane izvi zvakakosha zvemagetsi zvikamu, uye nei vachiburitsa chiedza, nei iwo mavara, uye nezvimwe zvakawanda...

Semiconductor Chiedza Emitting Sources

Sezvaunofanirwa kuziva, iwo maviri masosi ekubuda kwechiedza anogona kubva kune semiconductor zvishandiso ari Laser diodes uye LED diodes. Nepo LED yakavakirwa pane zvinongoerekana zvabuda, Lasers yakavakirwa pane inokurudzirwa emission. Ndiwo musiyano wezviviri izvi.

ari chiedza emitting diode (Chiedza Emitting Diode) iwo ndiwo anowanzo mwenje sosi pakati pemidziyo yemagetsi. Iwo anoshandiswa kuratidza nguva pawachi dzedhijitari, kuratidza kushanda kana kuchaja kwebhatiri, nezvimwe. Zvishandiso zvacho zvakawanda, uye zvino vasvetukirawo mukuvhenekesa nemwenje itsva ye LED kuvhenekera marudzi ese emakamuri uye kunyangwe emota.

Aya ma LED midziyo ndeyeboka re opto-semiconductors, inokwanisa kushandura magetsi kuita chiedza. Ichi chigadziro chekuvhenekesa chine mukana mukuru wekugara kwenguva refu, sezvo hachipisi semagirobhu emwenje, uye zvakare chinoshanda zvakanyanya, saka kushandiswa kwakaderera zvakanyanya pane kwakajairika magirobhu. Mukuwedzera, mari yavo yekugadzira yakaderera zvikuru, ndicho chikonzero ivo vave vakakurumbira.

Kufanana chero imwe semiconductor mudziyo, iyo LED ine zvakakosha zvinhu, senge P nzvimbo dzine maburi (+) neN nzvimbo dzine maerekitironi (-), ndiko kuti, yakajairika kuchaja vatakuri chero semiconductor. Uye izvi zvinoita:

• Apo rutivi rweP rwakabatanidzwa kune magetsi uye rutivi rweN kusvika pasi, kushamwaridzana kunotarisana mberi, zvichibvumira ikozvino kuyerera kuburikidza ne diode uye chiedza chinobudisa chatinogona kuona tose.
• Kana rutivi rweP rwakabatana nevhu uye rutivi rweN rwakabatanidzwa kune magetsi, kubatanidza kunonzi kune reverse biased, iyo inodzivirira kuyerera kwezvino. Iwe unotoziva kuti diodes inodzivirira kupfuura kwezvino mune imwe nzira.
• Kana kumberi kwakarerekera, iyo P-side neN-side ruzhinji uye vashoma vanochaja vatakuri vanobatana, vachirerutsa machaji ekutakura muchikamu chekuderera chePN junction. Uye, zvakare, kutama uku kwemaerekitironi nemakomba kunoburitsa humwe huwandu hwemafotoni, ndiko kuti, chikamu chesimba chinoburitswa muchimiro chechiedza, chine nguva dzose (monochromatic) wavelength. Izvi ndizvo zvicharatidza ruvara rwe LED, sezvo zvichienderana newavelength yainoburitsa inogona kunge iri IR, yebhuruu, yero, yegirinhi, yero, amber, chena, tsvuku, UV, nezvimwe.
• Iyo yakabudiswa wavelength ye electromagnetic spectrum, uye naizvozvo ruvara, inotarirwa nesemiconductor zvinhu zvinoumba PN junction ye diode. Naizvozvo, semiconductor makomisheni anogona kusiana kana kutambwa nawo kugadzira mavara matsva mukati meiyo spectrum kana inooneka renji.

Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti mavara matsvuku, bhuruu uye girini (RGB kana Red Green Blue) anogona kusanganiswa nyore nyore kuti akwanise gadzira chiedza chichena. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kushanda kwemagetsi e LED kunosiyanawo zvichienderana nemuvara. Semuenzaniso, mavara matsvuku, girini, amber, uye yero anoda anenge 1.8 volts kuti ashande. Uye ndezvekuti iyo inoshanda voltage renji yemwenje emitting diode inogona kutariswa zvinoenderana nekuparara kwemagetsi eiyo semiconductor zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kugadzira LED.

Mhando dze LED

Ma LED anogona kuiswa munzira dzakati wandei, chimwe chikuru ndechekuzviita zvinoenderana newavelength yaanoburitsa, achisiya. mapoka maviri:

•  ma LED anooneka: ndeaya anoburitsa wavelengths mukati meiyo inooneka spectrum, kureva, pakati pe400nm ne750nm. Iyi nhanho ndiyo inogona kuona ziso remunhu, sezvakangoita mundima yekurira tinongonzwa pakati pe20 Hz ne20 Khz. Pazasi pe20 Hz pane infrasound yatisinganzwe, uye pamusoro pe20 Khz pane Ultrasound yatisingakwanise kubata. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitika muchiedza, chine infrared kana IR kana ichienda pasi pe400 nm uye ultraviolet mwenje kana ichienda pamusoro pe750 nm. Zvose zvisingaoneki nemaziso evanhu.
•  ma LED asingaoneki: ndiwo iwo mawavelengths atisingaone, sezvazvakaita neIR diode kana UV diode.

Ma LED anooneka anonyanya kushandiswa kuvheneka kana kusaina. Ma LED asingaoneki anoshandiswa mumashandisirwo anosanganisira optical switches, optical communications uye kuongorora, nezvimwewo, nekushandiswa kwemafoto sensors.

Kubudirira

Sezvaunonyatsoziva, mwenje we LED wakawanda zvinobudirira kupfuura zvakajairika, saka inopedza simba shoma. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemhando ye LEDs. Uye mune inotevera tafura iwe unogona kuona hukama pakati peinopenya flux uye magetsi ekuisa emagetsi anopihwa kune iyo LED. Kureva, inogona kuratidzwa mu lumens pa watt (lm/W):

Kuvaka LED

Kunobva: ResearchGate

La magadzirirwo uye magadzirirwo emwenje emitting diode akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune akajairika diode, senge zener, nezvimwe. Chiedza chinozoburitswa kubva kuLED kana PN junction yayo ichienda mberi yakarerekera. Iyo PN junction yakafukidzwa neiyo yakasimba epoxy resin uye yakajeka epurasitiki hemispherical dome inodzivirira mukati meiyo LED kubva mukukanganiswa kwemuchadenga, kuzununguka uye kupisa kwemhepo.

Iyo PN junction inogadzirwa uchishandisa zvigadzirwa yakaderera bandgap makomisheni akadai gallium arsenide, gallium arsenide phosphide, gallium phosphide, indium gallium nitride, gallium aluminium nitride, silicon carbide, nezvimwe. Semuenzaniso, ma LED matsvuku akavakirwa pagallium arsenide substrate, girini, yero uye orenji pane gallium phosphide, nezvimwe. Mune zvitsvuku, iyo N-mhando layer inoiswa ne tellurium (Te) uye P layer inoiswa zinc (Zn). Nekune rimwe divi, maseru ekubatanidza anoumbwa achishandisa aluminium padivi reP uye tin-aluminium paN side.

Zvakare, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti aya majenji haabudise mwenje wakawanda, saka iwo epoxy resin dome inovakwa nenzira yekuti mafotoni echiedza anoburitswa nePN junction anonyatso kuratidzwa uye anotariswa kuburikidza nawo. Ndiko kuti, haingoite semudziviriri chete, asiwo sechiedza chinoisa lens. Ndicho chikonzero nei chiedza chakabudiswa chichiita sechinopenya pamusoro pe LED.

Iwo ma LED akagadzirwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti Kuwanda kwekubatanidzwa kwevatakuri vechaji kunoitika pamusoro pePN junction nokuda kwezvikonzero zviri pachena, uye izvo zvinowanikwa nenzira iyi:

• Nekuwedzera iyo doping yekumisikidza kweiyo substrate, mamwe maerekitironi anotakura machaji mashoma anoenda kumusoro kwechimiro, anosanganisa, uye anoburitsa mwenje pane ye LED.
• Nekuwedzera kureba kwekupararira kwevatakuri vechaji, ndiko kuti, L = √ Dτ, apo D ndiyo dhizaini coefficient uye τ ndiyo hupenyu hwemutakuri wechaji. Kana ichiwedzerwa kupfuura kukosha kwakakosha, pachava nemukana wekutorazve mafotoni akaburitswa mumudziyo.

Saka, kana diode ye LED yakabatana nekurerekera mberi, vanotakura zvinhu vanowana simba rakakwana kuti vakunde mhinganidzo iripo paPN junction. Vatakuri vemachaji vashoma mune ese P-mhando uye N-mhando semiconductor vanoiswa jekiseni pamharadzano uye vanobatana zvakare nevatakuri vazhinji. Iko kusanganiswa kwevazhinji uye vashoma vatakuri vanogona kunge vari munzira mbiri:

• radiative: kana chiedza chichibudiswa panguva yekubatanidza.
• kwete radiative: panguva yekubatanidza hapana chiedza chinobudiswa, kupisa kunogadzirwa. Ndiko kuti, chikamu chesimba remagetsi rinoshandiswa rinorasika nenzira yekupisa uye kwete chiedza. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwesimba rinoshandiswa kugadzira chiedza kana kupisa, uku kuchava kushanda kwe LED.

organic semiconductors

Munguva pfupi yapfuura vakapazawo musika OLED kana organic light-emitting diodes, ayo akashandiswa pakuratidzira. Aya matsva organic diode anoumbwa nezvinhu zve organic nature, kureva, organic semiconductor, uko conduction inobvumidzwa muchikamu kana mune yese ye organic molecule.

Izvi organic zvinhu zvinogona kunge zviri mukati crystalline phase kana mumapolymeric molecules. Izvi zvine mukana wekuva nechimiro chakaonda kwazvo, mutengo wakaderera, ivo vanoda yakaderera voltage kuti ishande, vane kupenya kwakanyanya, uye yakanyanya kusiyana uye kusimba.

LED mavara

Kusiyana akajairwa semiconductor diodes, maLED anoburitsa iwo mwenje nekuda kwemakomisheni avanoshandisa, sezvandambotaura. Normal semiconductor diodes inogadzirwa kubva kusilicon kana germanium, asi chiedza-emitting diodes ane makemikari sekuti:

• gallium arsenide
• gallium arsenide phosphide
• Silicum carbide
• indium gallium nitride

Kusanganisa zvinhu izvi zvinogona kuburitsa yakasarudzika uye yakasiyana wavelength, kuitira kuti uwane iyo yaunoda ruvara. Mishonga yakasiyana-siyana yesemiconductor inobudisa chiedza munzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa dzechiedza chinooneka uye naizvozvo dzinobudisa mazinga akasiyana ehukuru hwechiedza. Sarudzo yemidziyo yesemiconductor inoshandiswa mukugadzira iyo LED inotarisisa kureba kweiyo photon emissions uye inokonzeresa ruvara rwechiedza chakaburitswa.

Radiation pattern

Iyo mwaranzi pateni inotsanangurwa sekona yekubuda kwechiedza maererano nenzvimbo inoburitsa. Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda yesimba, kusimba kana simba inozowanikwa mune inotungamira perpendicular kune emitting surface. Chiedza chinobuda pakona chinoenderana neruvara rwuri kuburitswa uye kazhinji chinosiyana pakati pe80° ne110°. Heino tafura ine mavara akasiyana uye zvinhu:

Rudzi rwechiedza chinoburitswa ne LED haruna kusarudzwa ne ruvara rwemuviri wepurasitiki iyo inovhara iyo LED. Izvi zvinofanira kunyatsojekeswa. Sezvandambotaura, epoxy resin inoshandiswa zvese kuvandudza kubuda kwemwenje uye kuratidza ruvara kana LED yakadzimwa.

Multicolor LED

Pamusika pane a dzakasiyana-siyana dze LED dziripo, ine maumbirwo akasiyana, saizi, mavara, kubuda kwemwenje intensity, nezvimwe. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti mambo akasarudzika pamutengo wayo ndiyo gallium arsenide phosphide tsvuku LED, ine dhayamita ye5mm. Ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa munyika, saka ndiyo inogadzirwa muhuwandu hukuru.

Nekudaro, sezvawaona, parizvino kune akawanda akasiyana mavara, uye akati wandei mavara ari kutobatanidzwa kugadzira a Multicolor LED sezvatichaona muchikamu chino ...

Bicolor

A bicolor LED, sezvinoreva zita rayo, i LED inokwanisa kuburitsa mumavara maviri akasiyana. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekusanganisa maviri akasiyana mavara e LED mune imwechete package. Nenzira iyi, unogona kuchinja kubva kune rumwe ruvara kuenda kune rumwe. Semuyenzaniso, sema LED aya aunoona pane mamwe maturusi kuratidza mamiriro ebhatiri kuchaji inotsvuka kana ichichaja uye yakasvibira kana yatochaja.

Kuti ugadzire ma LEDs aya akabatanidzwa mukufambirana, ine anode yeimwe LED yakabatana kune cathode yeimwe LED uye zvinopesana. Nenzira iyi, kana simba richipihwa kune chero yeanode, chete LED inovhenekera, iyo iri kugamuchira simba kuburikidza neanode yayo. Kana maviri anode aine simba panguva imwe chete, zvinogoneka zvakare kuvhura ese ari maviri panguva imwe chete ine simba switching.

tricolor

Isu tinewo tricolor LEDs, ndiko kuti, ivo inogona kuburitsa mavara matatu akasiyana pachinzvimbo chevaviri. Izvi zvinosanganisa ma LED matatu ane cathode yakajairwa mupakeji imwechete, uye kuti uvheneke rumwe kana maviri mavara, unofanirwa kubatanidza iyo cathode pasi. Uye ikozvino inopihwa neanode yemuvara waunoda kudzora kana kuvhura.

Ndiko kuti, kune imwe kana maviri-ruvara LED mwenje, zvinodikanwa kubatanidza iyo magetsi ekupa kune anode mumwe nemumwe kana panguva imwe chete. Aya ma-tricolor LEDs anowanzo shandiswa muhuwandu hwemidziyo, senge nharembozha, kuratidza zviziviso, nezvimwe. Zvakare, iyi mhando ye diode inogadzira mamwe mimvuri yemavara ekutanga nekubatidza maLED maviri pane akasiyana mareshiyo eiyo yakananga ikozvino.

RGB LED

Iyo inonyanya imhando ye tricolor LED, mune iyi kesi inozivikanwa se RGB (Tsvuku Green Bhuruu), nekuti inoburitsa mwenje iwo mavara matatu. Izvi zvave zvakakurumbira mumavara ekucheka mitsetse uye giya remitambo, sezvaungaziva iwe. Nekudaro, kunyangwe iwe uine iwo ekutanga mavara, hazvigoneke kugadzira ese mavara nemumvuri. Mamwe mavara anowira kunze kweRGB triangle, uye mavara akaita sepink, brown, nezvimwewo zvakaoma kuuya neRGB.

LED Zvakanakira uye Zvakaipa

Iye zvino yave nguva yekuona kuti ndezvipi zvakanyanya zvakanaka nezvakaipa yeaya madhiodhi e LED:

Kubatsirwa

• Saizi diki
• Mari yekugadzira yakaderera
• Hupenyu hurefu hwesherufu (haizonyungudika)*
• Kushanda kwesimba kwakanyanya / kushandiswa kwakaderera
• Kupisa kwakadzika / kushoma kwakadzikiswa kupisa
• Dhizaini kuchinjika
• Vanogona kubudisa mavara mazhinji akasiyana, uye kunyange chiedza chichena.
• High switching speed
• high light intensity
• Inogona kugadzirwa kuti itarise chiedza mune imwe nzira
• Iwo akasimba-state semiconductor zvishandiso, saka iwo akanyanya kusimba: anopokana nekuvhunduka kwekupisa uye vibrations.
• Hapana kuvepo kwe UV rays

payakaipira

• Ambient tembiricha kutsamira kweiyo inopenya kubuda simba uye wavelength ye LED.
• Sensitivity kukuvadza nekuda kwekuwandisa voltage uye / kana yakawandisa ikozvino.
• Theoretical zvachose kugona kunowanikwa chete pasi pekutonhora kwakanyanya kana pulsed mamiriro.

Applications

Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, zvakakosha kuratidza kuti ndezvipi zvinogoneka zvikumbiro iyo ma LED ane mavara akagadzirirwa:

• zvemarambi emotokari
• Signage: zviratidzo, zviratidzo, marobhoti
• Ratidza ruzivo rwekuona pamadhibhodhi
• Yezviratidziro uko mapikseli anogadzirwa ne LEDs
• Zvokurapa zvinoshandiswa
• Toys
• Iluminación
• Remote controls (IR LEDs)
• nezvimwewo