Mhando dze RAM: zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve main memory

La RAM memory yekomputa ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvinochiva zvinhu, nekuti zvinounza kukurumidza kune yako system. Uye zvakare, kune akawanda marudzi e RAM, uye yega yega ine mamwe maitiro ayo mushandisi anofanira kuongorora kuti azive kana module racho rinoenderana kana kwete nemidziyo yavo kana kana ichizopa kuita kwakawanda kana kushoma. Mazhinji eaya ehunyanzvi hunhu haazivikanwe zvachose kune vazhinji vashandisi.

Naizvozvo, muchinyorwa chino ndinokuratidza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve RAM ndangariro, kuitira kuti nguva inotevera paunotenga module kuti uwedzere ndangariro dzecomputer yako, ichave isina zvakavanzika kwauri. Kana uchida kuva wechokwadi ndangariro "nyanzvi" Rudzi rwe RAM, ramba uchiverenga ...

A bit of history

Background

ari makomputa anoda ndangariro kuchengetedza zvirongwa (data uye mirairo). Pakutanga, makomputa muma30 aishandisa zvibhakera. Aive mapepa emakadhibhodhi kana zvimwe zvinhu zvine maburi akagadzirwa zvine hungwaru kuitira kuti komputa idudzire maburi iwayo sekodhi yebhanari. Nenzira iyoyo mapurogiramu akaiswa. Aive mukadzi akauya neaya mapunch makadhi, kunyanya Ada LovelaceAda Byron. Ada yaionekwa se wekutanga programmer yenhoroondo, yebasa rake mukugadzira injini inozivikanwa yaCharles Babbage yekubatsira.

Zvishoma nezvishoma michina yakashanduka. Nekusvika kweENIAC, muna 1946, yakashandisa mavharuvhu kuvaka ndangariro nemafiripi. Aya mavhavha akagadzira matambudziko mazhinji nekuda kwekusatendeseka kwavo, kuvaka kwavo kwaive kwakafanana nemagetsi emagetsi uye vakapisa kunze seizvi, saka vaifanira kuchinjirwa kazhinji. Mukuwedzera, ivo vakatsamwa uye vakapedza huwandu hwesimba.

Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana chaidikanwa mukati Zvemagetsi kana iwe waida kufambira mberi. Muna 1953, ndangariro dzakashata dzakatanga kushandiswa. Uye zvakatove kusvika 1968 apo IBM yakagadzira iyo yekutanga semiconductor-based memory. Iyi yakasimba mamiriro ndangariro yakagadzirisa matambudziko eakare, ichipa kuvimbika kukuru, kugadzikana uye nekukurumidza. Yakanga iine makumi matanhatu nematanhatu, asi chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti yekutanga ndangariro machipisi aive pano kuti agare.

Kune yakawanda nhoroondo, akasiyana ndangariro mafomati, senge magineti matepi, mafirifi e diski, opidhi midhiya (CD, DVD,…), yekutanga magineti yakaoma madhiraivhi (HDD), ndangariro dze semiconductor (SSD, RAM, marejista, buffer / cache, ROM,…), nezvimwe.

Panguva ino, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti munguva yakapfuura chete chikamu chendangariro. Ndangariro yepakati yaive iyo yaive chirongwa. Asi sekushandurwa kwekomputa, zvimwe zvinorangarirwa zvemarudzi akasiyana siyana zvakaverengerwa kudzamara pakuonekwa kwekukurumidza ndangariro senge RAM.

Kuuya kwe RAM

Pakauya RAM, makomputa akatanga kuva nemativi maviri endangariro. Kune rimwe ruoko kwaive nekurangarira kwehukuru hukuru, yakaderera kumhanya uye yakachipa, se yechipiri ndangariro. Iyi ndangariro yechipiri ndiro rakaoma dhisiki, iro parizvino rakashanduka kubva kumagineti yakaoma dhiraivhu (HDD), kune yazvino solid state madhiraivha akaomarara anoenderana nema semiconductors kana maSDD.

Ipo iyo main kana primary memory ndiyo yatinoti RAM (Random Access Memory kana Random Access Memory). Iyi ndangariro inokurumidza kanoverengeka kupfuura yechipiri ndangariro, asi kugona kwayo kwakadzikira zvakanyanya, nekuti mutengo wayo wakakwira uye zvaive zvisingaite kuve nemasimba akakura kwazvo.

Kupedzisa iyo yepamusoro-inokwanisa yechipiri ndangariro yekuchengetedza mapurogiramu edu uye data, nekukurumidza kwepakati kwepakati pakati pechipiri neyakagadziriswa unit, imwe yekumhanyisa inogona kupihwa pasina kupa chibairo chakakura. Mune RAM ivo vachaenda kurodha mirayiridzo uye data kubva kumitambo yekuita kana zvirongwa kuitira kuti iyo CPU igovawana vasina kuwana yechipiri ndangariro, iyo ingangononoka.

Zvakare, RAM iri mhando ye ndangariro dzakadzama Inorasikirwa nezviri mukati mayo kana magetsi abviswa. Hazvingave nemusoro kungova nerudzi urwu rwekurangarira, nekuti pese panogadzirwa michina, zvese zvinorasika. Ndokusaka ndangariro dzechipiri dzichiri kudikanwa kwazvo. Iwo ndangariro dzechigarire idzo dzisingade kuve nemagetsi anogara aripo ekuchengetera tsika

Kana iwe uchida nhoroondo, iyo RAM yenguva muchidimbu ndeichi:

• Imwe yeyekutanga RAM ndangariro yaive iyo ye rinobva musimboti ya1949. Chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chakachengetwa mutoroid yezvinhu zveferromagnetic. Chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chaive nemamirimita mashoma muhupamhi, nekudaro ichitora yakawanda nzvimbo uye kudzikamisa kugona. Asi zvaive zvirinani kupfuura kudzosera uye kunonoka mitsara yerudzi urwu rweyakajairika yekuwana ndangariro.
• Muna 1969 maRAM ekutanga akagadzirwa neIntel semiconductors aiuya. Nemachipisi senge 3101 64-bit. Gore rakatevera akapa DRAM ndangariro ye1 KB (chip 1103), ichiisa hwaro hwezvinoitika zvenguva yekuwana zviyeuchidzo. Muchokwadi, DRAM yaizove yakajairwa, saka kugadzirwa kweBMM kwakatora iyo indasitiri.
• Makore gare gare ivo vaizoenderera mberi vachiitwa miniaturized, nemachipisi ane simba rinowedzera uye mashandiro, kudzamara maSIPP nemaDIPs atanga kuraswa kutanga kushandisa izvozvi. SIMM ma module (Imwe In-mutsetse Memory Module), ndiko kuti, ma module ane vese vanobata kune rumwe rutivi. Izvo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kushandura RAM uye kuwedzera ivo sekunge vaive makadhi ekuwedzera.
• Mukupera kwema80, processor tekinoroji yakaita kuti mapurosesa akurumidze kupfuura ma RAM, zvichitungamira mukukosha mabhodhoro. Izvo zvaive zvakafanira kuwedzera bandwidth uye yekumhanyisa kumhanyisa kwema lagging memory machipisi.
• Dzakawanda tekinoroji yakatanga kusvika kudzikisira iyi bhodhoro, senge FPM RAM (Yekukurumidza Peji Mode RAM) tekinoroji, yakafuridzirwa neBurst Mode yeIntel 80486. Iyo yekutaura modhi yakavandudza kuwana, iine nguva yekuwana ye70 kana 60 ns.
• EDORAM, Yakawedzerwa Dhata Kuburitswa, yaizouya muna1994 ine mukana wekuwana makumi mana kana makumi matatu ns. Iyo yekuvandudza kunoenderana neiyi yaive BEDO, Burst EDO, ichiwana 40% yekuvandudza pamusoro peEDO.
• ari ndangariro dzinokurumidza iwo aive iwo e microprocessors, senge cell-based marejista SRAM (Static RAM). Asi iwo anodhura zvakanyanya kuti uwane hukuru hukuru nawo, saka iwo aisashanda kunyangwe hazvo kuita kukuru kwavanako. Ndicho chikonzero nei vakaendeswa kumabhavhu madiki kana madiki madiki eCUU marejista. Neichi chikonzero, iyo EDO, BEDO, FPM, yaive ichiri yerudzi rweDRAM.
• Muna 1992, Samsung inogadzira yekutanga chip chip SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM), iyo yazvino chiyero.
• Kubva pano zvichienda mberi, ese ma RAM aive akavakirwa pa SDRAM ndangariro maseru. Imwe yekutanga kuoneka yaive iyo Rambus kubva kuIntel, iyo yakapfuura isina kurwadziwa kana kubwinya pamberi peiyo yakachipa SDR RAM (Imwe Dhata Rate RAM).
• Kuvandudza mashandiro eakare uye kusasimudza mutengo sezvazvakaita kunaRambus, iyo DDR yaizosvika (Dhiviri Dhata Rate). DDR yakabvumidza kuendesa pane maviri magero panguva imwe chete mune yega yega wachi kutenderera, kupeta kuita kweSDR.
• Uye kubva kuDDR, iwe unoziva mafambiro akaita nhoroondo nechitarisiko cheiyo DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, DDR5, ...

... asi hazvina kukwana

Komputa inoda kuwanda uye kuita kwakawanda. Iyo HDDs dzakashanduka kuita maSSD nekukurumidza zvakanyanya. Uye microprocessors yakatanga kusanganisira yavo yekukurumidza kuyeuka pakati peanoshanda zvikamu uye RAM. Nenzira iyoyo, ivo vanokwanisa kuitakudza nedata uye mirairo yekuwana kwakawanda kwazvino kuwana pane kuti vaende kunanga ku RAM nguva dzese pavanenge vachida chimwe chinhu.

Ndangariro idzi dzandinoreva ndidzo cache ndangariro, buffer inoshanda seye buffer pakati peiyo CPU ne RAM. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti munguva yakapfuura iwe waigona kutenga cache module senge RAM, uye kuti iwe unogona kuwedzera kana iwe uchida kuchikwata chako. Chimwe chinhu senge chekare macrocrocessors kana maFPUs, anga asina kubatanidzwa mukati meiyo CPU chip pachayo. Asi nekufamba kwenguva, zvakabatanidzwa mupurosesa pachezvayo (ona semuenzaniso iyo Intel Pentium Pro) uye pakupedzisira vanova chikamu cheiyo IC seyezvino microprocessors.

Aya ndangariro dze cache vanga vachikura muzvikamu, senge yazvino L1 (yakabatana kana kupatsanurwa mirairo / data), iyo yakabatana L2, iyo L3, nezvimwe. Uye kwete izvo chete, kunze kwe microprocessor zvakare basa riri kuitwa kuti neimwe nzira ikurumidze kuwana dhata nemirairo, senge maIntel Octant ma module uye mamwe marudzi ebhafa, asi iyi imwe nyaya ...

DDR-SDRAM

Kukuisa iwe kumashure, iwe unotoziva nzira yakatorwa kusvika kusvika kwe iyo yazvino DDR SDRAM. Zvino, tichaona mhando dziripo uye hunhu hwadzo. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti zvichienzaniswa neIntel Pentium 4 yaishandisa yavo RAMBUS kunyanya, iyo AMD Athlon ndiyo yekutanga kutsigira yakachipa DDR. Takatarisana nekutengesa uye mashandiro emakomputa eADD, Intel yakamanikidzwa kutora DDR zvakare ...

Mhando

Zvinoenderana neshanduro yeDDR

ari DDR shanduro bvumira kudzoka kwakasiyana:

• DDR: PC-xxxx inoratidza bandwidth yemo module, kana semuenzaniso iri PC-1600, izvi zvinoguma nekuwedzera 100.000.000 hz (100 Mhz bhazi) x 2 (iri Dual Data Rate) x 8 byte = 1600 MB / s kana 1.6 GB / s kuchinjisa.
  • DDR-200 (PC-1600): iine 100 Mhz bhazi uye 200 Mhz I / O. Zita rayo rinouya kubva kune yayo 1600 MB / s kana 1.6 GB / s kuchinjisa.
  • DDR-266 (PC-2100): ine 133 Mhz bhazi uye 266 Mhz I / O. Nenhamba yekuchinjisa ye2.1 GB / s.
  • DDR-333 (PC-2700): iine 166 Mhz bhazi uye 333 Mhz I / O. Nenhamba yekuchinjisa ye2.7 GB / s.
  • DDR-400 (PC-3200): ine 200 Mhz bhazi uye 400 Mhz I / O. Iine huwandu hwe3.2 GB / s huwandu hwekuchinjisa.
• DDR2: inoshanda iine mabhii mana kutenderera, ndokuti, 4 kuenda uye 2 kumashure. Izvo zvinovandudza kugona kweiyo yapfuura DDR2.
  • Kubva kuDDR2-333 (PC2-2600): inoshanda ne100 Mhz base bhazi, iine 166 Mhz I / O, iyo inoipa chinzvimbo chekuchinjisa che2.6 GB / s. 10 ns nguva yekuwana.
  • Kusvika kuDDR2-1200 (PC2-9600): bhazi rinokwira kusvika 300Mhz, 600Mhz yeI / O uye 9.6GB / s kuchinjisa. 3,3ns yekuwana nguva.
• DDR3: inobvumira yakakwira yekumhanyisa kumhanyisa uye yekumhanyisa basa ichienzaniswa neDDR2, kunyangwe iyo latency iri pamusoro.
  • Kubva kuDDR3-1066 (PC3-8500): 133 Mhz bhazi, 533 Mhz I / O, 8.5 GB / s kuendeswa. 7.5 ns nguva yekuwana.
  • Kusvika kuDDR3-2200 (PC3-18000): 350 Mhz bhazi, 1100 Mhz I / O, uye 18 GB / s kuendeswa. 3.3 ns nguva yekuwana.
• DDR4: yakaderera magetsi emagetsi uye yakakwira yekuchinjisa mwero uchienzaniswa neakare apfuura Nehurombo ine iyo yakakwira latency, iyo inoderedza mashandiro ayo zvimwe zvese zvimwe zvinhu zvakaenzana.
  • Kubva kuDDR4-1600 (PC4-12800): iine 200 Mhz bhazi bhazi, 1600 Mhz I / O, uye 12.8 GB / s kuendeswa.
  • Kusvikira kuDDR4-2666 (PC4-21300): iine 333 Mhz base bhazi, 2666 Mhz I / O, uye 21.3 GB / s kuendeswa.
• DDR5, DDR6, DDR7 ...: ramangwana riri pedyo.

Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwe module

ari SIMM module yakachinjika kuita maDIMM azvino, iyo yakakamurwa kuva:

• DIMM (Dual In-Mutsetse Memory Module): module yekurangarira ine vanobatana pamativi ese, ichibvumira huwandu hukuru hwevanosangana. Ndidzo dzinoshandiswa nemakomputa emakomputa.
• SO-DIMM (Diki Rondedzero DIMM)- Iyi yakadzikiswa-pasi vhezheni yenguva dzose maDIMM, ndokuti, mapfupi ma module emakomputa madiki. Ivo anoshandiswa mumabhuku emakomputa, mamaboard emama miniPCs ane zvidiki fomu zvinhu senge mini-ITX, nezvimwe.

Kunyangwe iwo ari maDIMM kana ma SO-DIMM, anogona kuve eakasiyana masimba, hunhu, uye mhando dzinoonekwa pamusoro. Izvi hazvichinje chero chinhu.

Zvinoenderana nematanho

RAM ndangariro module inogona kuiswa mumapoka nebhasi rimwe kana anopfuura:

• Imwe Yekuyeuka Chiteshi: ese ndangariro mamodule akaiswa mubhangi rimwe chete rezvikwata, achigovana bhazi rimwe chete.
• Dual Memory Chiteshi- Une maviri akapatsanuka memory slot mabhengi pane iro mamaboard. Iwo ma module anokwanisa kuiswa mune aya maviri chiteshi, aine maviri akaparadzana mabhazi, achipa yakakura bandwidth, uye nekudaro mashandiro. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uine APU kana Intel ine yakabatanidzwa GPU, inogona kuunza mabhenefiti makuru nekubvumira iyo CPU MMU kuwana bhazi rimwe chete apo iyo GPU memory controller inosvika kune imwe pasina kupindira pakati pezviviri ...
• Quad Ndangariro ChiteshiKana izvo zvinodiwa zvekuwana zvakanyanyisa kukwirira, zvinokwanisika kutsvaga mamaboard mamaina mana chiteshi, kunyangwe kuve nematanho mana hakuwanzo kupa kuita kunotarisirwa kana kugona uku kusiri kunyatsoshandiswa.

Latency

Chekupedzisira, kana iwe uchida kuwedzera yako RAM ndangariro, kune akati wandei maficha, kunze kweizvo zvakatoonekwa, izvo zvinogona kukuvhiringidza iwe kana uchitenga chaicho. ndoreva iyo latency, iyo yeCAS, RAS, nezvimwe. Kana zviri zve voltages uye nemhando yemamojuru, chokwadi ndechekuti izvi zvinoenderana nekuenderana kwebhodhi rako reamai uye nemhando yekurangarira yakasarudzwa. Iwe unofanirwa kuverenga zvinyorwa zvebhodhi rako reamai kuti uzive ndangariro yako chipset inotsigira uye ndeupi mhando yemoduli iwe yauinayo.

Iwe unogona zvakare kutarisa iyo memory module kana mamodule ayo iwe watove wawakaisa kuti uzive maitiro ekuwana yakafanana module kuti uwedzere icho, uye kuti icho chiri chakafanana hunhu uye chinoenderana.

Iko kumhanya kwe RAM kunogara kuine hukama nezvinhu zviviri, imwe ndiyo wachi frequency uye imwe yacho latency. Latency ndiyo nguva inotora kuwana (kunyora kana kuverenga). Uye panogona kuve nemhando imwechete yemodule ine akasiyana latency, uye apa ndipo apo vashandisi vanovhiringidzika mukutenda kuti kana vakaisa module ine rakasiyana latency haizoenderane, kana kana ichizokanganisa kana kwete ... Ndizvozvo zvandichaedza kujekesa pano.

Kutanga iwe unofanirwa ive yakajeka nezvekuti RAM inoshanda seiKana zvichidikanwa kuti uwane imwe memory memory, ndiko kuti, chikamu chendangariro panochengetwa dhata, ndangariro dzinogoverwa mumitsara nemakoramu. Nekumisikidza yakakodzera mutsara uye ikholamu kusarudza mitsara, unogona kunyora kana kuverenga chero chaunoda. Asi kuti izvi zviitike kuti zviitike, vanofanirwa kupfuura nematanho mashoma kuti vaite zviito zvinononoka kushanda. Ndiyo latency.

Ndinoziva sei iko kunonoka kwemo module? Zvakanaka, iwe unogona kunge wakacherekedza kuti ma module ane mucherechedzo werudzi 16-18-18-35 kana zvimwe, iwo ndiwo ma latency mune nanoseconds. Nhamba yega yega ine zvayinoreva zvichienderana nenzvimbo yainotora.

• 16: Iko kukosha kwekutanga kunogona zvakare kuoneka seCL kana CAS Latency, inonongedza nguva inopfuura pakati pe processor inogadzira data kubva ku RAM uye inowana uye inotumira.
• 18: Iyo yechipiri nhamba inogona kuwanikwa seTRCD kana RAS kuCAS Latency, iyi nhamba inomiririra iyo nguva pakati penzvimbo nekumisikidza yekurangarira mutsara (RAS) uye ikholamu (CAS), yeuka kuti ndangariro dzakarongeka sekunge dzaive chess bhodhi.
• 18: Iyo yechitatu nhamba inogona kuwanikwa seTRP kana RAS Precharge uye inoreva nguva inotora yekurangarira kuita mutsetse wekutsemuka, ndiko kuti, kumisa iyo data data rauri kushandisa parizvino nekumisikidza mutsva mutsara.
• 35: Pakupedzisira kukosha kwechina kunoratidza zvinogona kuoneka seTRAS, Kushanda kana Kushanda precharge. Inomiririra iyo nguva yekumirira kuti memory isakwanise kuwana iyo data zvakare.

When iyo yakaderera nhamba, zvirinaninekukurumidza kwazvichaita. Kana iwe uine DDR4 module ine CL11 uye CL9 module, iyo yekupedzisira ichakurumidza zvikuru, pasina kupokana.

Unogona here kusanganisa ma module nema latency akasiyana?

Apa ndipo painobva mubvunzo wezana ramakore, uye kuvhiringidzika kwevashandisi vazhinji. Mhinduro ndeyokuti hungu. Kana iwe uine module yeDDR4, ine yakafanana wachi frequency, asi iine yakatarwa CL yakaiswa mukombuta yako uye iwe unotenga imwe iine hunhu hwakafanana, asi iine imwe CL, hazvina basa. Izvo zvinoshanda, hazvizove zvisingawirirane, timu yako haizoirambe. Latency yakafanana nekwanisi kana brand, inogona kuve yakasiyana pakati pemamojuru pasina chero chinhu chiri kuitika.

Zvadaro? Chinhu chega chekuti pamwe hausi kuzoita mashandiro akanaka, kana pamwe ichadzikira zvishoma zvichienderana nesarudzo yako. Ini ndichatsanangura kwauri nemuenzaniso. Fungidzira chiitiko chinoshanda, kuti une Kingston DDR4 module ye8 GB pa 2400 Mhz uye CL14 yakaiswa mukombuta yako. Asi iwe unoda kuwedzera RAM yako uye tenga Corsair DDR4 8GB pa2800Mhz uye CL16. Iwe unenge uine ma module maviri anonyatsoenderana, timu yako inozvitsungirira, haimire kushanda. Iwe unenge uine 16 GB ye RAM inoshanda. Asi ... zvinhu zvakati zvinogona kuitika:

1. Ose ari maviri ma module RAM anodzikisa kuwanda kwavo kuenda kuma default profiles eiyo JEDEC standard, senge 2133 Mhz. Ndokunge, ndangariro dzako dzinogona kunonoka nekuderedza kuwanda kwayo wachi, uye nekudaro mwero wekuchinjisa.
   
2. Imwe sarudzo ndeyekuti module ienzanise module iripo mu latency uye frequency. Mune ino kesi, panzvimbo ye2800 Mhz, ese ari maviri aizoshanda pa2400Mhz uye pakakwirira CL.

Ungave nematambudziko rini? Paunoshandisa Dual Channel kana Quad Channel. Muzviitiko izvi zviri nani kuti iwe utenge akafanana ma module maererano nehunhu (kugona uye mhando yemugadziri inogona kusiyana).

Yakawanda sei RAM yandinoda?

Zvakanaka, muchidimbu izvi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemushandisi wega wega. Semuenzaniso, kana uchizoshandisa software yehofisi, kutarisa, nezvimwe, pamwe 4-8 GB yakakwana. Asi kana iwe uchida kutamba, pamwe unoda 8-16GB. Kana iwe uchizoshandisa akati wandei chaiwo michina iwe ungangoda 32 GB kana kupfuura… icho chinhu chinhu chaicho chaicho. Iko hakuna mashiripiti fomula yekuti yakawanda sei yaunoda.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uone zvinodiwa zvakakurudzirwa zve software iwe yauchazoshandisa nguva dzose kusarudza yako Hardware zvakanaka ...

Iko kune fomula iyo inokubatsira iwe kusarudza shoma base memory, kuti usaise zvishoma pane zvaunofanira. Uye inopfuura wedzera 2 GB pamusoro wega wega kana musimboti une CPU yako. Naizvozvo, kana iwe uine quadcore iwe unofanirwa kuve neinenge 8 GB.