Ii-LED ezinemibala: uyifumana njani imibala eyahlukileyo?

Los I-LED ezinemibala Baye besikhapha kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngalo lonke ixesha ii-shades ezintsha ze-LED zivela, kuba bekungelula kuzo zonke iimeko. Umzekelo, njengokufuna ukwazi, kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba ii-LED ezimhlophe ezikhanyayo kunye nee-LED eziluhlaza ziphakathi kwezokugqibela ukufika kwintengiso.

Okwangoku, baye baba uhlobo lwe diode kubalulekile kwiinkalo ezininzi. Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku uya kufunda Konke okufuneka ukwazi Kwezi izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezisisiseko, kwaye kutheni zikhupha ukukhanya, kutheni loo mibala, kunye nokunye okuninzi ...

Imithombo yokuKhanya kweSemiconductor

Njengoko ufanele ukwazi, imithombo emibini yokukhutshwa kokukhanya enokuthi ivele kwizixhobo ze-semiconductor I-Laser diodes kunye ne-LED diode. Ngelixa i-LED isekwe ekuphumeni okuzenzekelayo, iiLasers zisekwe kukukhutshwa okuvuselelweyo. Lowo ngumahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini.

Los iidiode ezikhupha ukukhanya (iDiode yokuKhanya) awona mthombo wokukhanya uxhaphakileyo phakathi kwezixhobo zombane. Zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ixesha kwiiwotshi zedijithali, ukubonisa ukusebenza okanye ukuhlawulwa kwebhetri, njl. Izicelo zininzi, kwaye ngoku ziye zatsibela ekukhanyeni ngeebhalbhu ze-LED ezintsha zokukhanyisa zonke iindidi zamagumbi kunye nezithuthi.

Ezi zixhobo ze-LED zezeqela le ii-opto-semiconductors, ekwazi ukuguqula umsinga wombane ube sisikhanyiso. Esi sixhobo sokukhanyisa sinenzuzo enkulu yokuhlala ixesha elide, ekubeni ayitshisi njengezibane zokukhanya, kwaye iphinde isebenze ngakumbi, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kuphantsi kakhulu kunezibane eziqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, iindleko zabo zokuvelisa ziphantsi kakhulu, yiyo loo nto ziye zaziwa kakhulu.

Njengaso nasiphi na esinye isixhobo se-semiconductor, i-LED inezinto eziphambili ezisisiseko, njenge Izowuni P ezinemingxuma (+) kunye nemimandla engu-N eneelektroni (-), oko kukuthi, abathwali bentlawulo yesiqhelo nayiphi na i-semiconductor. Kwaye oku kwenza:

• Xa icala le-P lixhunywe kumandla ombane kunye necala le-N ukuya emhlabeni, uxhulumaniso luhamba phambili, luvumela i-current ukuba ihambe nge-diode kunye nokukhanya okukhuphayo esinokukubona sonke.
• Ukuba icala le-P liqhagamshelwe kumhlaba kwaye icala le-N liqhagamshelwe kunikezelo lwamandla, uqhagamshelo luthiwa lunxanelwe umva, oluthintela ukuhamba kwangoku. Sele uyazi ukuba iidiode zithintela ukuhamba kwangoku kwicala elinye.
• Xa ukuqhubela phambili kucalucalulo, i-P-side kunye ne-N-side ininzi kunye nabathwali beentlawulo ezincinci badibanisa omnye nomnye, ukungathathi hlangothi abathwali bentlawulo kwi-depletion layer ye-PN junction. Kwaye, ke, oku kufuduka kwee-electron kunye nemingxuma kukhulula inani elithile leefotoni, oko kukuthi, inxalenye yamandla ikhutshwe ngendlela yokukhanya, kunye nobude obungaguqukiyo (i-monochromatic). Yile nto iya kubonisa umbala we-LED, kuba kuxhomekeke kubude be-wavelength ephuma kuyo inokuba yi-IR, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, etyheli, eluhlaza, emthubi, e-amber, emhlophe, ebomvu, i-UV, njl.
• Ubude obukhutshiweyo be-electromagnetic spectrum, kwaye ke umbala, ugqitywe yimpahla ye-semiconductor eyenza i-PN junction ye-diode. Ke ngoko, iikhompawundi ze-semiconductor zinokuhluka okanye zidlalwe kunye nokwenza imibala emitsha ngaphakathi kwebala okanye uluhlu olubonakalayo.

Kufuneka kuthiwe imibala ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye eluhlaza (i-RGB okanye i-Red Green Blue) inokudityaniswa ngokulula ukuze ikwazi velisa ukukhanya okumhlophe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufuneka kuthiwe i-voltage esebenzayo ye-LEDs nayo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kumbala. Ngokomzekelo, imibala ebomvu, eluhlaza, e-amber, netyheli idinga ii-volts ezi-1.8 ukuze isebenze. Kwaye kungenxa yokuba uluhlu lwamandla ombane osebenzayo we-diode ekhupha ukukhanya lunokumiselwa ngokombane wokuqhekeka kwemathiriyeli ye-semiconductor esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwe-LED.

Iintlobo ze-LED

Ii-LED zinokuhlelwa ngeendlela ezininzi, enye yezona zinto ziphambili kukwenza ngokobude bezandi ezikhuphayo, zishiye. iindidi ezimbini:

•  ii-LED ezibonakalayo: zezo zikhupha ubude bamaza ngaphakathi kwendawo ebonakalayo, oko kukuthi, phakathi kwe-400nm kunye ne-750nm. Olu luhlu lubonwa liliso lomntu, njengokuba kwibala lesandi sinokuva kuphela phakathi kwe-20 Hz kunye ne-20 Khz. Ngaphantsi kwe-20 Hz kukho i-infrasound esingevayo, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-20 Khz kukho i-ultrasound esingakwaziyo ukuyibamba. Kwenzeka into efanayo kwimeko yokukhanya, ukuba ne-infrared okanye i-IR xa ihamba ngaphantsi kwe-400 nm kunye nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet xa ihamba ngaphezu kwe-750 nm. Zombini azibonakali kwiliso lomntu.
•  ii-LED ezingabonakaliyo: Ngaba loo maza obude esingenakuwubona, njengoko kunjalo nge-IR diode okanye i-UV diode.

Ii-LED ezibonakalayo zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukukhanyisa okanye ukubonisa. Ii-LED ezingabonakaliyo zisetyenziselwa izicelo ezibandakanya ukutshintshwa kwe-optical, unxibelelwano lwe-optical kunye nokuhlalutya, njl., Ngokusetyenziswa kweenzwa zesithombe.

Ukusebenza kakuhle

Njengoko uyazi, ukukhanya kwe-LED kuninzi ngokusebenza ngakumbi kunesiqhelo, ngoko ke kudla amandla amancinci kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yobume be-LEDs. Kwaye kwitheyibhile ilandelayo unokubona ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-flux ekhanyayo kunye namandla okufakelwa kombane anikezelwe kwi-LED. Oko kukuthi, inokubonakaliswa kwiilumens ngewathi nganye (lm/W):

Ukwakhiwa kwe-LED

Umthombo: ResearchGate

La ubume kunye nokwakhiwa kwee-diode ezikhupha ukukhanya zihluke kakhulu kwi-diode eqhelekileyo, njenge-zener, njl. Ukukhanya kuya kukhutshwa kwi-LED xa i-PN junction yayo ibheke phambili. I-PN junction igutyungelwe yi-epoxy resin eqinile kunye ne-plastic hemispherical dome ecacileyo ekhusela ingaphakathi le-LED ekuphazamisekeni kwe-atmospheric, vibrations kunye ne-thermal shocks.

Udibaniso lwe-PN lwenziwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo iikhompawundi ze-bandgap ezisezantsi ezifana ne-gallium arsenide, i-gallium arsenide phosphide, i-gallium phosphide, i-indium gallium nitride, i-gallium aluminium nitride, i-silicon carbide, njl. Ngokomzekelo, ii-LED ezibomvu zakhiwe kwi-gallium arsenide substrate, eluhlaza, ephuzi kunye ne-orange kwi-gallium phosphide, njl. Kwiindawo ezibomvu, i-N-type layer ifakwe nge-tellurium (Te) kwaye i-P layer ifakwe nge-zinc (Zn). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iileya zoqhagamshelwano zenziwe ngokusebenzisa i-aluminium kwicala le-P kunye ne-tin-aluminiyam kwicala le-N.

Kwakhona, kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba ezi zidibaniso azikhuphi kukhanya kakhulu, ngoko ke epoxy resin dome yakhiwe ngendlela yokuba iifotoni zokukhanya ezikhutshwe yi-PN junction zibonakaliswe kakuhle kwaye zigxininise ngayo. Oko kukuthi, ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengomkhuseli, kodwa kunye ne-lens yokugxininisa ukukhanya. Sisizathu sokuba ukukhanya okukhutshiweyo kubonakale kuqaqambile ngaphezulu kwe-LED.

Ii-LEDs ziyilelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi lokudityaniswa kwakhona kwabathwali bentlawulo lwenzeka kumphezulu we-PN junction ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, kwaye oko kuphunyezwa ngale ndlela:

• Ngokwandisa i-doping concentration ye-substrate, ii-electron ezongezelelweyo ezincinci ezithwala intlawulo zihamba ziye phezulu kwisakhiwo, zidibanise, kwaye zikhuphe ukukhanya kumphezulu we-LED.
• Ngokwandisa ubude bokusasazwa kwabathwali bentlawulo, oko kukuthi, L = √ Dτ, apho D i-coefficient yokusasazwa kunye no-τ ixesha lokuphila lomthwali wentlawulo. Xa inyuswa ngaphaya kwexabiso elibalulekileyo, kuya kubakho ukuphinda kufakwe iifotoni ezikhutshiweyo kwisixhobo.

Ke, xa i-diode ye-LED idityaniswe nokuthambekela phambili, abathwali bemithwalo bafumana amandla aneleyo okunqoba umqobo okhoyo okhoyo kwi-PN junction. Abathwali bentlawulo encinci kuzo zombini uhlobo lwe-P kunye nohlobo lwe-N-uhlobo lwe-semiconductor bajojowe kulo lonke udibaniso kwaye baphinde bahlangane kunye nabathwali abaninzi. Ukudibanisa uninzi kunye nabathwali abambalwa kunokuba ngeendlela ezimbini:

• eshushu: xa ukukhanya kukhutshwa ngexesha lokudibanisa kwakhona.
• hayi imitha: ngexesha lokudibanisa kwakhona akukho kukhanya kukhishwa, ubushushu buveliswa. Oko kukuthi, inxalenye yamandla ombane asetyenzisiweyo ilahlekile ngendlela yobushushu kwaye ingabikho ukukhanya. Ngokuxhomekeke kwipesenti yamandla asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ukukhanya okanye ukushisa, oku kuya kuba yimpumelelo ye-LED.

iisemiconductors eziphilayo

Kutshanje baye baqhekeza kwimarike rajanud okanye i-organic light-emitting diodes, eziye zasetyenziselwa imiboniso. Ezi diode ezintsha zendalo zenziwe ngezinto eziphathekayo, oko kukuthi, i-organic semiconductor, apho ukuqhuba kuvunyelwe inxalenye okanye kuyo yonke i-molecule ye-organic.

Ezi mathiriyeli eziphilayo zinokuba ngaphakathi isigaba secrystalline okanye kwiimolekyuli zepolymeric. Oku kunenzuzo yokuba nesakhiwo esincinci kakhulu, ixabiso eliphantsi, bafuna i-voltage ephantsi kakhulu ukuze basebenze, banokukhanya okuphezulu, kunye nomlinganiselo ophezulu kunye nobukhulu.

Imibala ye-LED

Ngokungafaniyo ne-semiconductor diodes eqhelekileyo, ii-LED zikhupha oko kukhanya ngenxa yeekhompawundi ezizisebenzisayo, njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili. Iidiode zesemiconductor eziqhelekileyo zenziwe ngesilicon okanye igermanium, kodwa iidiode ezikhupha ukukhanya iikhompawundi njenge:

• gallium arsenide
• gallium arsenide phosphide
• I-Silicum carbide
• indium gallium nitride

Ukudibanisa ezi zixhobo kunokuvelisa i-wavelength ekhethekileyo kunye neyohlukeneyo, ukwenzela ukufezekisa umbala ofunekayo. Iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor zikhupha ukukhanya kwiindawo ezichaziweyo zokukhanya okubonakalayo kwaye ke ngoko zivelise amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhanya kokukhanya. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ze-semiconductor ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-LED kuya kugqiba ubude be-photon emissions kunye nombala obangelwayo wokukhanya okukhutshiweyo.

Ipatheni yemitha

Ipateni yemitha ichazwa njenge-engile yokukhutshwa kokukhanya ngokubhekiselele kumphezulu okhuphayo. Ubuninzi bamandla, ubuninzi okanye amandla aya kufumaneka kwi-direction perpendicular kumphezulu okhuphayo. I-engile yokukhutshwa kokukhanya ixhomekeke kumbala okhutshiweyo kwaye idla ngokuhluka phakathi kwe-80 ° kunye ne-110 °. Nantsi itafile ene imibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo:

Umbala wokukhanya okhutshwe yi-LED awugqitywanga umbala womzimba weplastiki evala i-LED. Oku kufuneka kwenziwe kucace kakhulu. Njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, i-epoxy resin isetyenziswa zombini ukuphucula ukukhanya kunye nokubonisa umbala xa i-LED icinyiwe.

Multicolor LED

Kwimarike kukho a Uluhlu olubanzi lwee-LED ezikhoyo, ngeemilo ezahlukeneyo, ubungakanani, imibala, ukuqina kokukhanya okuphumayo, njl. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuthiwe ukumkani ongenakuphikiswa ngexabiso layo yi-gallium arsenide phosphide ebomvu ye-LED, enobubanzi be-5mm. Leyo yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu ehlabathini, ngoko yile yenziwa ngowona mlinganiselo mkhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ubonile, ngoku kukho imibala emininzi eyahlukeneyo, kwaye imibala emininzi iyadityaniswa ukuvelisa a Multicolor LED njengale siza kuyibona kweli candelo...

Bicolor

I-bicolor LED, njengoko igama layo libonisa, i I-LED ekwazi ukukhupha ngemibala emibini eyahlukeneyo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokudibanisa ii-LED ezimbini ezinemibala eyahlukeneyo kwiphakheji enye. Ngale ndlela, unokutshintsha ukusuka komnye umbala ukuya komnye. Umzekelo, njengezo LED uzibona kwezinye izixhobo ukubonisa ubume bebhetri itshajiswe ibebomvu xa itshaja kwaye iluhlaza xa sele itshajiwe.

Ukuze kwakhiwe ezi LEDs zidibene ngokuhambelanayo, kunye ne-anode ye-LED enye exhunywe kwi-cathode yenye i-LED kunye nokuphambene. Ngale ndlela, xa amandla anikezelwa kuyo nayiphi na i-anodes, i-LED enye kuphela iya kukhanyisa, leyo ifumana amandla nge-anode yayo. Ukuba zombini i-anodes inikwe amandla ngexesha elinye, kunokwenzeka ukuba uvule zombini ngexesha elinye kunye nokutshintsha okuguquguqukayo.

Intloko

Sikwanayo nee-tricolor LEDs, oko kukuthi, bona inokukhupha imibala emithathu eyahlukeneyo endaweni yezimbini. Ezi zidibanisa ii-LED ezintathu kunye ne-cathode eqhelekileyo kwiphakheji efanayo, kwaye ukukhanyisa umbala omnye okanye emibini, kufuneka udibanise i-cathode emhlabathini. Kwaye yangoku enikezelwa yi-anode yombala ofuna ukuyilawula okanye ukuyivula.

Oko kukuthi, kukukhanya kwe-LED enye okanye emibini yombala, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa unikezelo lwamandla nokuba anode ngabanye okanye ngaxeshanye. Ezi zi-LED ze-tricolor zihlala zisetyenziselwa ubuninzi bezixhobo, ezifana neefowuni eziphathwayo, ukubonisa izaziso, njl. Kwakhona, olu hlobo lwe-diode luvelisa i-shades eyongezelelweyo yemibala ephambili ngokuguqula ii-LED ezimbini kwimilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yangoku yangoku.

I-RGB ye-RGB

Ngokusisiseko luhlobo lwe-tricolor LED, kule meko eyaziwa ngokuba I-RGB (Luhlaza oBomvu oBomvu), kuba ikhupha loo mibala mithathu izibane. Ezi ziye zaziwa kakhulu kwimicu enemibala enemibala kunye nezixhobo zokudlala, njengoko usazi. Nangona kunjalo, nangona unemibala ephambili, akunakwenzeka ukwenza yonke imibala kunye nemibala. Eminye imibala iwela ngaphandle konxantathu we-RGB, kunye nemibala efana nepinki, emdaka, njl.njl. kunzima ukuyifumana ngeRGB.

Izinto eziluncedo ze-LED kunye nezinto ezingeloncedo

Ngoku lixesha lokubona ukuba zeziphi ezona ziphambili iingeniso kunye nokungalunganga kwezi diode ze-LED:

Inzuzo

• Ubungakanani obuncinci
• Iindleko eziphantsi zemveliso
• Ubomi beshelufu obude (abuyi kunyibilika)*
• Ukusebenza kwamandla aphezulu / ukusetyenziswa okuphantsi
• Ubushushu obuphantsi / ubushushu obungaphantsi kancinci
• Ukuguquguquka koyilo
• Ziyakwazi ukuvelisa imibala eyahlukeneyo, kunye nokukhanya okumhlophe.
• Isantya esiphezulu sokutshintsha
• ukukhanya okuphezulu
• Inokwenziwa ukugxila ekukhanyeni kwicala elinye
• Zizixhobo eziqinileyo ze-semiconductor, ngoko ke zomelele ngakumbi: zixhathisa ngakumbi kumothuko we-thermal kunye nokungcangcazela.
• Akukho bukho bemitha ye-UV

Iingxaki

• Ukuxhomekeka kwiqondo lobushushu be-ambient yamandla aphumayo akhazimlayo kunye nobude be-LED.
• Uvakalelo kumonakalo ngenxa yombane ogqithileyo kunye / okanye ukugqithisa kwangoku.
• Ukusebenza kwethiyori ngokubanzi kufezekiswa kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezibandayo ezikhethekileyo okanye ezipholileyo.

Izicelo

Okokugqibela kodwa kuncinci, kuyafuneka ukuba ubonise ukuba zithini na izicelo ezinokwenzeka ezi zenzelwe zona ezi LEDs ezinemibala:

• kwizibane zemoto
• Iimpawu: izalathi, iimpawu, iirobhothi
• Bonisa ulwazi olubonakalayo kwiideshibhodi
• Kwimiboniso apho iipixels zenziwe ngee-LEDs
• Izicelo zonyango
• Amathoyizi
• Iluminación
• Ulawulo olukude (IR LEDs)
• Etc