Ubuninzi beebhodi zophuhliso esizisebenzisa rhoqo, ukusuka kwi-Arduino ngokwayo ukuya kwabanye abaninzi, sebenzisa Iiyunithi ze-MCU okanye ii-microcontrollers. Ezinye iitshiphusi ezibalulekileyo ukuze ukwazi cwangcisa ezi zixhobo kwaye imiyalelo eyenziwe ngumdwelisi wenkqubo inokuqhutyelwa phambili ukufumana iziphumo ezilindelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, Icandelo lolawulo oluncinci libanzi kakhulu., njengokuba kunjalo nakwi-CPUs okanye i-microprocessors, ekubeni kungabikho kuphela abaqulunqi abaninzi okanye abavelisi, kunye neemodeli, kodwa kukho iintsapho ezininzi ezahlukeneyo omele wazi. Ke, siza kunikezela eli nqaku kule nto kanye, ukuze wazi ukuba yeyiphi enokuba nomdla kakhulu kwiiprojekthi zakho…
Yintoni i-microcontroller okanye i-MCU?
Un isilawuli esincinci okanye i-MCU (Iyunithi yesiLawuli esincinci) Sisixhobo esidibeneyo esidibanisa imisebenzi yeprosesa ephakathi (CPU), imemori kunye neeperipherals kwi-chip enye. Esi sixhobo singundoqo kwiisistim ezininzi ze-elektroniki kwaye sisisiseko kwintsimi ye-electronic embedded. Ngamafutshane, enye indlela enkulu kwiintambo zombane, ngaloo ndlela ivumela itshiphu enye ukuba yenze inkitha yemisebenzi ngokuguquguqukayo, kuba iyacwangciswa.
Microcontroller zisetyenziswa kwi ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Eminye imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwe-microcontrollers ibandakanya iinkqubo zokulawula kwiimoto, izixhobo zasekhaya, iisistim ezizisebenzelayo kwimizi-mveliso, iinkqubo zokulawula inkqubo, iithoyi, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, iibhodi zophuhliso, kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane ezininzi.
Iinxalenye zemicrocontroller
I-Microcontrollers zixhobo ezidibeneyo, kwaye zonke iinqununu zazo ziphunyezwa kwi-chip okanye isiphaluka esidibeneyo. Phakathi kwe uninzi lwamalungu asisiseko kwezi chips zezi:
- CPU: Iyunithi yokucubungula ephakathi yingqondo ye-microcontroller, kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo. Le yunithi inoxanduva lokusebenzisa idatha kunye nemiyalelo yenkqubo ukutolika kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwiiyunithi zokwenziwa ukufumana iziphumo ezilindelekileyo. Oko kukuthi, i-CPU iqhuba yonke imisebenzi yokubala kwaye yenza izigqibo ngokusekelwe kwingqiqo yeprogram. Isantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-CPU ubukhulu becala kugqiba ukusebenza kwe-microcontroller. Ukongeza, bahlala beneendawo ezisisiseko ezifana neenkqubo zokuphazamiseka, ezivumela i-microcontroller ukuba iphendule kwiziganeko ezithile ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Xa kwenzeka isiganeko esithile, njengegalelo lomqondiso okanye i-timer efikelela kwixabiso elithile, i-microcontroller inokuphazamisa umsebenzi wayo wangoku ukuphendula kwesi siganeko.
- Memoria: Ngokuqhelekileyo baneentlobo ezimbini zememori ezifana ne-RAM kunye ne-flash. I-RAM isetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha yesikhashana, njengemiyalelo eyenza iinkqubo kunye neenkcukacha (iinguqu, ii-constants, ...) ngexesha lokwenziwa kweprogram. Ngelixa imemori ye-flash isetyenziselwa ukugcina inkqubo ukuba iqhutywe, kwaye ayiguquki njenge-RAM, ngoko xa umbane uphazamisekile okanye isixhobo sivaliwe, inkqubo iya kuhlala.
- Iiperipherals zegalelo/Imveliso (I/O): vumela i-microcontroller ukusebenzisana nehlabathi langaphandle. Oku kunokubandakanya izibuko zedijithali ze-I/O, abaguquli be-analog-to-digital (ADC), abaguquli bedijithali-kwi-analog (DAC), ujongano lonxibelelwano olufana ne-UART, SPI, kunye ne-I2C, abalawuli abahlukeneyo, ixesha, izixhobo zokubala, iGPIO, kunye abanye.
Yahluke njani kwi-microprocessor okanye i-CPU?
I-microprocessor kunye ne-microcontroller zizinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kwintsimi ye-elektroniki, kodwa banayo Umahluko obonakalayo ngokumalunga nolwakhiwo kunye nokusetyenziswa, nangona abantu abaninzi bebhidanisa ezi zimbini okanye bakholelwa ukuba ziyafana.
Ngoxa i-CPU idibanisa kuphela iiyunithi ezisebenzayo kulawulo kunye nokutolikwa kwemiyalelo, iirejista, kunye nemiyalelo yokwenziwa efana ne-ALU, FPU, njl. njl., kwaye inokudityaniswa nezinye izinto ezincedisayo ngendlela eguquguqukayo, ii-microcontrollers zivaliwe ngakumbi ngengqiqo yokudibanisa. iindawo ezininzi ukuba CPU ishiya ngaphandle. Ngapha koko, ngelixa i-CPU iyingqondo yekhompyuter, i-MCU inokuthathwa njengekhompyuter epheleleyo, kuba ibandakanya zonke iindawo ezisisiseko kwi-chip enye.
Nangona kunjalo, musa ukubhidanisa indibaniselwano enkulu kunye nemigaqo ye ubunzima kunye nokusebenza. Ngelixa ii-microprocessors zangoku zintsonkothe kakhulu kwaye zinentsebenzo ephezulu kakhulu, ii-microcontrollers zangoku zihlala zine-CPU edibeneyo kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi kakhulu kunye nokulula. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwee-microcontroller zanamhlanje zinokusebenza ngokufana nee-microprocessors kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko siza kubona kamva, sine-8-bit okanye i-16-bit microcontrollers njengee-CPU ze-70s.
Umahluko xa uthelekiswa ne-SoC?
Kuba i-microcontroller idibanisa izinto ezininzi kwi-chip efanayo, Ikwahlala ibhidaniswa ne-SoC (Inkqubo kwiChip)Nangona kunjalo, ayifani nayo. Njengakwi-CPU vs MCU, ii-SoCs zikwadibanisa i-CPU enomgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza kunolawulo oluncinci lwangoku. Ngaphaya koko, i-SoC yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye ihambele phambili. Kwelinye icala, i-SoC ayiqhelekanga ukudibanisa ezinye zeenxalenye ezidityaniswe kwi-microcontroller, kuba izicelo ezijoliswe kuyo aziyifuni, njenge-RAM kunye nememori ye-flash, abaguquli be-ADC, njl.
Umlando omncinci
Ii-microprocessors zangaphambili zesekethe ezininzi, njenge-AL1 evela kwiiNkqubo zeSigaba seSine ngo-1969 kunye ne-MP944 esuka kwi-Garrett AiResearch ngo-1970, zaphuhliswa ngeechips ezininzi ze-MOS LSI. I-microprocessor yokuqala ye-single-chip yayiyi-Intel 4004, ekhutshwe ngo-1971. Ezi projekthi zazifuna iichips ezininzi zangaphandle ukuphumeza inkqubo yokusebenza, eyayibiza kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, phantse ngokuhambelanayo, into esiyaziyo namhlanje njenge-microcontroller yaphuhliswa. HE kubalelwa kwiinjineli ze-IT, uGary Boone kunye noMichael Cochran, ukudalwa okuyimpumelelo kwe-microcontroller yokuqala kwi-1971, i-TMS 1000, edibanisa imemori yokufunda kuphela, imemori yokufunda / ukubhala, iprosesa kunye newashi kwi-chip enye. Ngapha koko, nangona eli lelinye ibali, livelise imfazwe yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nezimangalo malunga nokubhala kwe-microprocessor...
Ngexesha le-1970, i Abavelisi bombane baseJapan baqala ukuvelisa ii-microcontroller zeemoto. Baye baduma ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye ekuphenduleni ubukho be-single-chip TMS 1000, i-Intel yavelisa inkqubo yekhompyuter kwichip elungiselelwe usetyenziso lolawulo, i-Intel 8048, edibanisa i-RAM kunye ne-ROM kwitshiphu enye kunye ne-CPU. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iinkumbulo ezingaguquguqukiyo zaphuculwa, kwaye zaphuma ekurekhodweni kwifektri ngeprogram esisigxina njengeeROM zokuqala de kwangeniswa i-PROM, okanye i-EEPROM ye-1993, eyavumela ukuba icinywe kwaye ihlelwe kwakhona. nenye inkqubo ngendlela elula kwaye namaxesha amaninzi njengoko ufuna.
Kancinci kancinci, iinkampani zazalwa malunga nolu hlobo lweetshiphusi, ezinje Atmel, Microchip Technology, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ezinye iinkampani kwicandelo nazo zaqala ukusasaza ii-MCU zazo, njenge-Intel, i-Analog Devices, iCypress, i-AMD, i-ARM, i-Hitachi, i-EPSON, i-Motorola, i-Zilog, i-Infineon, i-Lattice, i-National Semiconductor, i-NEC, i-Panasonic, i-Renesas, i-Rockell, i-Sony. , STMicroelectronics , Isishwankathelo, iToshiba, njl.
Namhlanje, ii-microcontrollers ziphantsi kwaye zifikeleleka ngokulula kwii-hobbyists kunye nenkitha yamacandelo ahlukeneyo amashishini. Ngaphezu koko, kuqikelelwa ukuba ziyathengiswa phantse iibhiliyoni ezi-5 zeeyunithi ze-8-bit kwihlabathi jikelele, yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku. Ungazifumana kwizinto zombane zasekhaya, izithuthi, iikhompyutha, iifowuni, oomatshini bemizi-mveliso, nokunye okuninzi. Ngaphaya koko, bakwazile ukwenza i-miniaturize ukuya phezulu, besenza ezona khompyuter zincinci emhlabeni, nokuba zincinci kakhulu kunokhozo lwetyuwa...
I-ISA kunye neentsapho ze-microcontroller
Ngoku ekubeni usazi ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-MCU okanye i-microcontroller, makhe sibone ezinye zazo ezona ntsapho zibalulekileyo kwezi microcontroller. Kwaye, njenge-CPU, zinokwahlulwa ngokwe-ISA, oko kukuthi, uluhlu lwemiyalelo, iirejista kunye neentlobo zedatha ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nokuhambelana kweenkqubo zokubini ezinokuphunyezwa kuya kuxhomekeka koku.kuzenza zingahambelani phakathi kweentsapho. Kwaye ezi ntsapho zizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kwimodeli, uphawu okanye iiyunithi ezibandakanyiweyo kwi-chip.
Phakathi uninzi lweentsapho ezidumileyo sinale ilandelayo:
- Abantwana: sisizukulwana se-softcores ze-FPGAs ezivela e-Altera, ngoku ezifunxwa yi-Intel.
- Blackfin: lusapho lwe-16/32-bit microprocessors eziphuhliswe, zenziwa kwaye zithengiswe yi-Analog Devices. Iiprosesa nazo zinomsebenzi owakhelwe ngaphakathi we-digital signal processor (DSP), owenziwe yi-16-bit multiplication-accumulation (MAC).
- I-TigerSHARC: imele iSuper Harvard Architecture ye-Single-Chip Computer, ikwavela kwiZixhobo ze-Analog. Kule meko zifanelekile kwizicelo ezifuna ukusebenza okuphezulu kwekhompyutheni kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi. Ezi processors zibonelela ngoyilo olulodwa lwememori eyenza ukufikelela ngokufanelekileyo kwidatha kunye nemiyalelo ngaphandle kwesohlwayo sokusebenza esihambelana nezakhiwo zebhasi zeVon Neumann.
- ICortex-M-I-ARM's Cortex-M microcontrollers lusapho oludumileyo lwe-32-bit microcontrollers enamandla kakhulu kwaye inika ukusebenza kakuhle. Zithandwa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso nakwizicelo zabathengi, kwaye ngoku zimele uninzi lweetshiphusi zanamhlanje ezithengiswa ziinkampani ezininzi.
- AVR32: I-32-bit ye-RISC microcontroller i-architecture eveliswa yi-Atmel, kwaye ungayifumana kwiibhodi ezininzi zophuhliso, ezifana ne-Arduino kunye neeclones zayo.
- RISC-V: Le ISA evulekileyo ijolise ekugqithiseni i-ARM, kwaye kancinci kancinci iqalile ukubaluleka kwihlabathi le-microcontrollers, ekubeni iguquguquka kakhulu kwaye ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngaphandle kokuhlawula imali.
- PIC-yintsapho ye-8-bit microcontrollers ephuhliswe yi-Microchip Technology, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-RISC yabo ye-architecture, kwaye ithandwa kakhulu kwishishini.
- I-PowerQUICC: zisekelwe kwi-teknoloji ye-IBM ye-Architecture ye-Power Architecture, kwaye isetyenziswe yi-Motorola (ngoku i-Freescale), ixhasa i-spectrum epheleleyo yezixhobo zenethiwekhi ezidibeneyo, i-industrial kunye nezicelo ezifakwe ngokubanzi.
- Ukwandiswa: Ezi zii-MCU ze-Fujitsu, kwaye zijolise kwi-analog kunye nemveliso yedijithali, kwaye yenzelwe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza ngokulinganayo.
- 8051: Yi-8-bit microcontroller ephuhliswe yi-Intel, nangona ngoku uya kuyifumana yenziwe zezinye iinkampani. Ngomnye wezona zilawuli ezincinci ezidumileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. I-8051 yi-CISC microcontroller esekelwe kwi-architecture yaseHarvard.
- I-TriCore: ngumlawuli omncinci ophuhliswe yi-Infineon Technologies. I-TriCore idibanisa izinto ze-RISC core processor, i-microcontroller, kunye ne-DSP kwi-chip enye. Ngelo xesha yayiluvukelo-mbuso.
- MC-48 okanye 8048: I-microcontroller esuka kumgca we-Intel, kunye ne-64 bytes ye-RAM kunye nokufikelela kwi-4096 bytes yememori yeprogram yangaphandle.
- Mico8- yi-8-bit microcontroller yosapho ephunyezwe ngokupheleleyo kwimemori yenjongo-jikelele kunye nengqiqo yeeLattice FPGAs.
- I propeller: I-32-bit multicore architecture ephuhliswe yiParallax Inc. I-Propeller nganye ine-8 efana ne-32-bit processors edityaniswe kwi-hub eqhelekileyo.
- Isitampu esisisiseko-yi-microcontroller enetoliki encinci ye-BASIC ekhethekileyo (PBASIC) eyakhelwe kwi-ROM. Yenziwe yiParallax, Inc, kwaye yayiyimveliso edumileyo yabenzi ababefuna ukwenza inkitha yeeprojekthi ekhaya ngaphambi kokuba iArduino ikhululwe.
- SuperH: yi-32-bit ye-RISC ye-computing ye-architecture ye-architecture ephuhliswe ngu-Hitachi kwaye ngoku iveliswa yi-Renesas, kwaye igxininise kwii-microcontrollers kwiinkqubo ezifakwe ngaphakathi.
- UTiva: luluhlu lwe-microcontroller oluphuhliswe yi-Texas Instruments. Inomsebenzi wewotshi eyakhelweyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80MHz eneyunithi yendawo edadayo (FPU), esebenza kakuhle.
- I-Microblaze: yinkqubo yeprosesa edityanisiweyo kakhulu ejoliswe kwizicelo zomlawuli. I-MicroBlaze iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo kwimemori kunye nenjongo eqhelekileyo ye-Xilinx (ngoku i-AMD) ye-FPGAs, oko kukuthi, i-softcore.
- Picoblaze: ifana neyokuqala, kodwa kule meko i-8-bit kwaye ilula, kwizicelo ezidibeneyo.
- XCore: Zii-XMOS multicore MCUs, iibhithi ezingama-32 ezicwangciswe kwimekobume yolwimi lwe-C kwaye zisebenza ngokuzimisela kunye ne-latency ephantsi. Ziphelele kakhulu kwaye zinokuphunyezwa ngendlela yeetayile.
- Z8: ivela kwiZilog, kwaye zizixhobo ze-8-bit ezinikezela uluhlu olubanzi lokusebenza kunye nokukhethwa kwemithombo. Ezi zilawuli ezincinci zifanelekile kumthamo ophezulu, izicelo ezingabizi kakhulu, kubandakanya abathengi, iimoto, ukhuseleko, kunye neemveliso zeHVAC.
- Z180: Ngenye yezinto ezidumileyo ngaphakathi kweZilog ngaphambi kokukhululwa kwe-eZ entsha ehlaziye uluhlu lwangaphambili. Ibandakanya iprosesa ye-8-bit, ehambelana nesiseko esikhulu sesoftware ebhalelwe iZ80. Intsapho ye-Z180 yongeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye neempawu ezidibeneyo ze-peripheral ezifana ne-clock generator, i-16-bit counters / timers, isilawuli esiphazamisayo, i-generator ye-state yokulinda, izibuko ze-serial, kunye nomlawuli we-DMA.
- STM: Le ntsapho ye-STMicroelectronics ineeyunithi ze-MCU ezisekelwe kwi-architecture yale nkampani, nangona kwiimodeli zamva nje zikhethiwe, njengezinye iimeko ezininzi, ukudibanisa i-32-bit ye-ARM Cortex-M Series. Inika iimveliso ezidibanisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu, amandla exesha langempela, ukusetyenzwa kwesignali yedijithali, ukusebenza okuphantsi kwamandla / okuphantsi kwe-voltage kunye nokudibanisa, ngelixa ugcina ukudibanisa okupheleleyo kunye nokukhululeka kophuhliso.
Zininzi, kodwa ezi zezona zibalulekileyo...