Kwihlabathi elixhomekeke ngakumbi kwitekhnoloji, izinto ezaziwa njengemihlaba enqabileyo Ziye zavela njengezimbiwa ezibalulekileyo, "igolide" entsha yenkulungwane yama-21, kwaye ibe ngumthombo wengxabano phakathi kwamazwe, kwaye iya kuqhubeka. Ezi zinto, ngaphandle kwegama lazo, zibalulekile, kwaye apha unokufunda ukuba kutheni zibaluleke kangaka, kwaye zeziphi ezi zinto zeREE (Izinto eziRare Earth).
¿Yeyiphi imihlaba enqabileyo?
Las imihlaba enqabileyo, ngesiNgesi REE (i-Rare-Earth Elements), Ziyisethi yeeminerali phakathi kwazo ii-elementi ezili-15 zininzi kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-lanthanide series. Ezi zinto zisisiseko kubuchwephesha obufuna ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, ukusebenza, isantya, ukuqina kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Zikwayinxalenye ephambili kubuchwephesha obufuna ukwenza iimveliso zibe khaphukhaphu kwaye zibencinci. Ngoko ke, isiseko seteknoloji yangoku, ngoko ke ukubaluleka kwayo.
Oku kubenza iyimfuneko kwaye ayinakuphinda ithathelwe indawo kusetyenziso oluninzi lombane, olubonayo, lwemagnethi kunye nolwe-catalytic, yaye ekubeni zingekho ninzi, oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxwabangxwaba, iimfazwe nokruthakruthwano phakathi kwamazwe, njengoko siza kubona kamva. Ewe, nangona izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zixhaphakile kumhlaba womhlaba, ngenxa yeempawu zazo ze-geochemical, zihlala zisasazeka ngokubanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba azisoloko zifumaneka kugxininiso oluzenza zisebenze emigodini. Oku kunqongophala kanye okubangele ukuba babizwe ngokuba yimihlaba enqabileyo.
Entre izinto ezi-17 zeREE zezi:
- Iscandiyam (Sc)
- I-Yttrium (Y)
- Lanthanum (The)
- I-Cerium (Ce)
- I-Praseodymium (Pr)
- I-Neodymium (Nd)
- Ipromethium (Pm)
- eSamarium (Sm)
- I-Europium (Eu)
- IGadolinium (Gd)
- I-Terbium (Tb)
- Dysprosium (Dy)
- IHolmium (Ho)
- I-Erbium (Er)
- Thulium
- I-Ytterbium (Yb)
- ILutetium (Lu)
Iipropati zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Ewe iipropathi Kwimihlaba enqabileyo, okanye kunoko izakhi zazo, kufanelekile ukugqamisa:
- Iimpawu zemagneti: I-Neodymium, i-dysprosium kunye ne-samarium zixabiswa kwiimpawu zazo zamagnetic. Bangakwazi ukugcina izixa ezikhulu zamandla kazibuthe, zibenza babe luncedo kwiiinjini zomoya, iinjini zombane, iinkqubo zokukhokela, izithethi kunye nee-hard drives, njl.
- Iimpawu zeLuminescent: I-Europium, i-yttrium, i-erbium kunye neodymium zineempawu ze-luminescent, ezithetha ukuba zikhupha ukukhanya xa zikhuthazwa yimitha ye-electromagnetic. Zisetyenziswa kwimithombo yokukhanya esebenzayo, iziboniso, ukukhulisa umqondiso kwimigca yefiber optic kunye nelases.
- iimpawu zombane: I-Cerium, i-lanthanum, i-neodymium kunye ne-praseodymium isetyenziswe kwiibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) ngenxa yeempawu zabo zombane. Babonelela ibhetri ngoxinano lwamandla aphezulu kunye nomthamo ongcono wogcino emva kwemijikelo emininzi yokukhupha kwakhona.
- Iimpawu zeCatalytic: I-Cerium kunye ne-lanthanum zisetyenziswa njenge-catalysts ye-chemical reactions ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo sombane. Zininzi kwaye zinexabiso eliphantsi kuneminye imihlaba enqabileyo, nto leyo ezenza zibe lolona khetho luphambili kwizicelo ze-catalytic.
Historia
Imihlaba enqabileyo ikhona ukusukela ekusekweni koMhlaba, nangona kunjalo, Azizange zifunyanwe de kwayinkulungwane ye-18 ngu-lieutenant womkhosi waseSweden uCarl Axel Arrhenius.. Yaye ukwahlulwa kwezinto zala mazwe kusanda kutshanje, amanye ebengayi kufika de kube yinkulungwane yama-20.
Ngexesha le-160 leminyaka yokufunyanwa (1787-1947), i Ukwahlula nokucocwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kwakuyinkqubo enzima nende. Izazinzulu ezininzi zizinikele ubomi bazo bonke ekufumaneni ezi zinto zinyulu. Ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yokuba izakhi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zafunyaniswa ziyimveliso yokuqhekeka kweathom yeuranium, iU.S.Atomic Energy Commission yenza umgudu omkhulu wokuvelisa iindlela ezintsha zokwahlula. Kwi-1947, iziphumo zapapashwa zibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zokutshintshiselana kwe-ion zinika indlela engcono yokwahlula izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukuvelisa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-scandium, zinzima kunentsimbi kwaye ziveliswa i-nucleosynthesis ye-supernovae okanye ngenkqubo ye-s kwiinkwenkwezi yesebe elikhulu le-asymptotic. Ngokwendalo, i-fission ezenzekelayo ye-uranium-238 ivelisa ixabiso elincinci le-radioactive promethium, kodwa uninzi lwepromethium iveliswa ngokwenziwa kwizixhobo zenyukliya.
Oovimba behlabathi bemihlaba enqabileyo
Las owona vimba ubalulekileyo wemihlaba enqabileyo Ehlabathini zifumaneka kula mazwe alandelayo:
- China: Inowona vimba mkhulu ehlabathini, malunga neetoni ezizigidi ezingama-44. Ukongeza, ngowona mvelisi mkhulu wemihlaba enqabileyo.
- Vietnam: Likhaya koovimba abakhulu bomhlaba onqabileyo, ingakumbi kumda womntla-ntshona weTshayina nakunxweme olusempuma, kwiitoni ezizizigidi ezingama-22.
- eBrazil naseRashiya: Omabini la mazwe anogcino lwe-21MT.
- Indiya : unovimba we-6,9 yezigidi zeetoni.
- Ostreliya: unovimba we-4,2 yezigidi zeetoni.
- EUnited States: Oovimba bayo bafikelela kwi-2,3 yezigidi zeetoni.
- IGreenland: Kubalwa malunga ne-1,5MT.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba, nangona amanye amazwe enoovimba abakhulu, imveliso yawo isenokuba phantsi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo...
Kwaye iYurophu?
EYurophu, iindawo zokugcina umhlaba ezinqabileyo zinqabile, kwaye zifumaneka ikakhulu kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:
- Suecia: Kukholelwa ukuba ngowona vimba mkhulu womhlaba onqabileyo eYurophu. Inkampani yaseSweden yenkampani yemigodi ye-LKAB ichonge idiphozithi kufutshane nesixeko saseKiruna, emantla elizwe, equlethe iitoni ezingaphezu kwesigidi esinye sehlabathi elinqabileyo.
- EFinland nasePortugal: Iindawo zokuxhaphaza nazo zichongiwe kula mazwe.
Ngokuphathelele eSpain, oovimba bomhlaba onqabileyo bayaziwa ukuba bakho, nangona bengekaphandwa ngokucokisekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Campo de Montiel (i-Ciudad Real), i-Monte Galiñeiro (i-Pontevedra) ivelele, kwaye kutshanje kuye kwathethwa kakhulu malunga nolwandle xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zaseCanary Islands. Ezinye zezi ndawo azikaxhatshazwa, kwaye oovimba abakhoyo abakaziwa. Kwimeko yogcino lwaseGalician, ukuxhaphazwa kwayo kwakhatywa ngenxa yezizathu zendalo, kwaye kwimeko yeCanary Islands, iMorocco igcina uxinzelelo lokuthatha indawo. ezi zinto zixhaphakileyo. …
Ukucubungula kunye nokwahlula
Imihlaba enqabileyo ifunyanwa ikakhulu nge imigodi yemigodi evulekileyo kwimizi-mveliso., kwezinye iimeko ukuveliswa komhlaba onqabileyo kwenzeka njengemveliso yokwembiwa kwentsimbi. Iiminerali eziqulethe umhlaba onqabileyo zenzeka njengeeoksidi, ngoko ke kufuneka zicutshungulwe ukuze kufumaneke izinto:
- Ukutsalwa kwemihlaba enqabileyo kwenzeka kwimigodi evulekileyo, kusetyenziswa iziqhushumbisi kunye noomatshini abanzima.
- Emva kokukhutshwa, i-mineral iyachithwa okanye iphantsi ukuze iqhutywe ngokufanelekileyo.
- Ukwahlula i-ore kwii-oksidi, iindlela zokuvuza, imvula kunye ne-crystallization zingasetyenziswa.
- Ukusebenzisa iindlela ze-physical-chemicals, ukulungiswa kwee-oxides zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kwiintsimbi ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo okucoceka kuyenziwa.
- Ukwabiwa kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zekhemikhali.
- Ukuguqulwa kwee-alloys zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zibe ngamacandelo asetyenziswa kwizicelo zorhwebo.
Iintlobo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Okokuqala, kufuneka kuthiwe kukho umhlaba onqabileyo okhanyayo kunye nomhlaba onzima onqabileyo. Ukukhanya, okanye i-LREE, zininzi kakhulu, kwaye zenziwe nge-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-praseodymium, i-neodymium, i-promethium, i-samarium, i-europium kunye ne-scandium. Kwimeko yobunzima, okanye i-HREE, ayiqhelekanga kakhulu, kwaye ine-concentrations ye-gadolinium, i-terbium, i-dysprosium, i-holmium, i-erbium, i-thulium, i-ytterbium, i-lutetium kunye ne-yttrium.
Izicelo
Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukwazi zithini izicelo ezinokubakho zomhlaba onqabileyo ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwawo ngoku:
- Ii-Catalysts kunye nemagnethi: Ehlabathini jikelele, izinto ezininzi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zisetyenziselwa i-catalysts ephezulu yokusebenza kunye neemagnethi (i-neodymium), kunye nokudalwa kwezinto ezikhethekileyo ze-ceramic, iiglasi kunye nokupholisa. Ngokomzekelo, i-cerium kunye ne-lanthanum zibalulekile, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukucocwa kweoli kunye nezongezo ze-diesel. Kwelinye icala, xa sithetha ngeemagnethi, asibhekiseli kuphela kwiimagnethi eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ezi zisetyenziselwa izicelo ezifana neenjini zombane kwizithuthi ezixubileyo kunye nombane, iijenereyitha kwezinye iiinjini zomoya, ii-hard drives, i-elektroniki ephathekayo, imakrofoni izithethi.
- Ukwenziwa kwe-alloy kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli zamafutha kunye neebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride: I-Cerium, i-lanthanum kunye ne-neodymium zibalulekile ekwenzeni i-alloys kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli ze-fuel kunye neebhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride.
- IWindows: I-Cerium, i-gallium kunye ne-neodymium zibalulekile kwi-electronics kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-LCD kunye ne-plasma displays, i-fiber optics kunye ne-laser, kunye ne-imaging yezokwelapha.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, izichumisi kunye nonyango lwamanzi: Zisetyenziswa njengeetrayisi kwizicelo zonyango, izichumisi kunye nakunyango lwamanzi.
- ZoLimo: zisetyenziswe kwezolimo ukwandisa ukukhula kwezityalo, imveliso kunye nokuchasana noxinzelelo ngokubonakalayo ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi yokusetyenziswa kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Ukongeza, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zizongezo zokutya kwemfuyo, okubangele ukwanda kwemveliso, njengezilwanyana ezikhulu kunye nokwanda kwemveliso yamaqanda kunye neemveliso zobisi.
- Ngakumbi: Usebenziso lubanzi kakhulu, umzekelo, lunokusetyenziselwa ukuthandana iifosili, ekubeni ukugxilwa kwemihlaba enqabileyo ematyeni kutshintsha kuphela ngokucothayo ngeenkqubo ze-geochemical, kwaye oku kubenza babe luncedo ukuthandana. Eminye imizekelo yile:
- I-Scandium isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibane eziphezulu kunye ne-agent yokulandelela iindawo zokucoca ioli.
- I-Yttrium inokongezwa kubuninzi beentsimbi zetsimbi ukuphucula iimpawu zabo.
- I-Lanthanum isetyenziswe njenge-petroleum cracking catalyst kunye ne-additive to make nodular cast iron.
- I-Cerium ingasetyenziselwa kumashishini ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwii-catalysts zokunciphisa ukungcola, ukukhupha isithuthi, ukucoca iimveliso kunye ne-pigments.
- I-Praseodymium inokudityaniswa kunye nezinye iintsimbi ukwenza iimagnethi zezixhobo zombane, kodwa nanjengesixhobo.
- I-Neodymium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukwenza iimagnethi ezinamandla kakhulu, kunye nezicelo ezifana neshishini leemoto zombane, nangona ikwasetyenziselwa iikhamera, ii-optics ezinelaser, njl.
- I-Promethium isetyenziswa ngamageyiji obunzima njengomthombo we-beta, kwakhona njengebhetri ye-pulse, inokuguqulwa ibe ngumthombo ophathwayo we-X-ray, njl.
- I-Samarium ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iimagnethi ezisisigxina ezinamandla aphezulu, kwiilensi ezikhethekileyo, kunye nezinto ezifunxa inyutroni kwizixhobo zenyukliya.
- I-Europium yeyona nto isebenzayo kwiintsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kwaye ayiqhelekanga kwizicelo ezisebenzayo.
- IGadolinium isetyenziswa kwezamayeza, ukwenza umfanekiso-ngqondweni wemagnethi, kunye neemicrowaves, oomabonakude bemibala, iiamplifiers, kunye neenkqubo zobungcali zokumamela.
- I-Terbium isetyenziselwa ukungcolisa amacandelo athile, ukwenza izixhobo zombane, njl.
- I-Dysprosium isetyenziswa kwi-neodymium-based alloys magnetic ukubenza baxhathise ngakumbi kwi-demagnetization kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ikwasetyenziswa kwizibane zokukhupha i-halide.
- IHolmium yezixhobo zombane, izikrini zeplasma, izibane zemercury, njl.
- I-Herbium esetyenziselwa i-alloys, i-electronic amplifiers, iilaser, njl.
- I-Thulium isetyenziselwa iiyunithi ze-X-reyi, iilaser zoluhlu oluphezulu, izixhobo ze-ceramic-magnetic, njl.
- I-Ytterbium, ixhaphake kumzi-mveliso we-metallurgy kwii-alloys ezinentsimbi kunye nentsimbi, ii-catalysts, iilaser, kunye ne-fiber optics. Kwakhona kumayeza enyukliya ukunyanga izifo ezithile kunye neradiotherapy.
- I-Lutetium, esetyenziswa njenge-catalyst ekuqhekekeni kwee-hydrocarbons kwishishini le-petrochemical, unyango lomhlaza, njl.
Njengoko ubona, isisiseko kwishishini le-elektroniki, ngakumbi ukwenza i-ceramic capacitors ukuba uya kubafumana kwiiPCB ezininzi…