Kwihlabathi eliqhutywa ngumenzi kunye nobuchule bokudala, ukuba ne ukuphosa ngesinyithi ekhaya Kuye kwaba nomdla kwimveliso kunye nokwenza abathandi, okanye ukuqala ishishini lasekhaya. Le nkqubo inomdla inika ithuba lokubumba kunye nokunika ubomi kwizinto ezininzi zetsimbi, ukusuka kwiinqununu ezikhethekileyo zokuhlobisa ukuya kumacandelo asebenzayo eenjini, izakhiwo, njl.
Kweli nqaku, siza kubona yonke into oyifunayo ukuze ukwazi ukuba nesiseko sesinyithi ekhaya, ngaphezu kokucebisa ezinye kufuneka ibe neemveliso ngenxa yalo, kwaye ngoko unako ukuntywila kwi ihlabathi elinomdla le-DIY ngeentsimbi...
Iimveliso ezicetyiswayo
Ukuze uqale Zinyibilikise iintsimbi ekhaya ngokukhuselekileyo Ukuze ukwazi ukwenza izinto njengengcali, uya kufuna ezi mveliso zilandelayo:
i-graphite carbide crucible
Ukungunda kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo
I-Bentonite powder ukwenza iimbumba zesanti eziqhelekileyo zokugalela isinyithi esityhidiweyo
Iziko lokunyibilika kwesinyithi
I-Flameless Induction heater
intsimbi yentsimbi
Nasekuqiniseni
Isando sentsimbi
Iiglavu ezishushu
Iintambo ze-Foundry
Ikhuselo lobushushu eliphezulu
Impahla yokunqanda amadangatye
Isicimi mlilo
Imaski ye-Antigas
Ikhithi yoncedo lokuqala
Ezinye izixhobo zengcibi
Ezinye izixhobo zobucwebe
Yintoni isiseko sesinyithi?
Omnye ukuphosa isinyithi ibhekisa kwimizi-mveliso okanye inkqubo yobugcisa apho isinyithi sinyibilika kwaye sigalelwa kumngundo ukubumba iqhekeza elithile. Ngethuba le nkqubo, isinyithi esiza ngokuthe ngqo kwi-mineral okanye kwiziqwenga zetsimbi eziveliswe ngaphambili ziphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu ukufikelela kwindawo yokunyibilika kwesinyithi okanye i-alloy.
Xa sele inyibilikile, galela kwingundo esele iyilwe kwangaphambili ukwenza imilo ethile kunye nobukhulu. Emva kokuba isinyithi sipholile kwaye siqina kwi-mold, iqhekeza letsimbi elinemilo efunwayo lifunyenwe, nokuba yenze into yobucwebe ngeentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, kumatshini okanye iinxalenye zesakhiwo ezinemilo yesiko, okanye ukwenza iingots kwaye uzithengise.
Le nkqubo ibalulekile kwimveliso kunye iye yavela kuyo yonke imbali, usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchwepheshe. Kodwa khawucinge, ukuba kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo unokunyibilikisa isinyithi ngeendlela zokuqala kunye nezakudala, ngetekhnoloji yangoku ungayenza ekhaya ngokukhawuleza, ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo...
Amanqanaba
Inkqubo yokuphosa, nokuba kumashishini okanye ekhaya, yenziwe ngoluhlu lwe amanqanaba asisiseko, bathanda:
- Okokuqala, isinyithi esiza kunyibilikiswa sifunyenwe, mhlawumbi sisuka kwiminerali ecocekileyo, kwezinye iziqwenga zeso sinyithi esifuna ukuphinda sisebenzise okanye siphinde sisetyenziswe, njl.
- Esi sinyithi singeniswa kwi-crucible, apho ubushushu busetyenziswa kwii-ovens okanye ngokufakwa, ngaloo ndlela kunyibilika isinyithi xa sifikelela kwindawo yokunyibilika kwayo.
- Isinyithi sidluliselwa kwimeko yayo engamanzi kwi-mold ethile.
- Inkqubo yokuqina okanye ukupholisa into esanda kwakhiwa.
- Ukuphonononga inqanaba lemveliso yokugqibela, ukugqitywa komphezulu olandelayo (ipeyintiwe, ukukrola, ukubethelwa ngehamile, ukuwelda,...).
Ngokucacileyo, xa isinyithi sifunyenwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-ore, ezinye izinto ezongezelelweyo kufuneka zongezwe ukwenza iubumdaka bususwa yi-slag, nangona oku akuyimfuneko ukuba uyenza kwintsimbi esele ihlambulukile.
engenanto
Nangona kunjalo ukuphosa isinyithi Kungabonakala kulula, kufuneka ugcine izinto ezininzi engqondweni. Kwaye emva kokuba ushushu izinto kwaye ufikelele kwiqondo lokushisa elilungileyo, isinyithi sikulungele ukugalelwa kwimo yayo engamanzi kwi-mold. Kodwa oku kuhamba ngenkqubo yokuphosa kunye ne-cavity linqanaba elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuphosa. Ukuze eli nyathelo libe yimpumelelo, kubalulekile ukuba isinyithi sihamba singaqiniswanga kuzo zonke iindawo zokubumba ngaphambi kokuqina, khumbula ukuba ayizizo zonke iimolds ezilula.
Izinto ezinefuthe kwinkqubo yokukhupha iquka:
- Ubushushu bokugalela: Ibhekisela kubushushu bentsimbi etyhidiweyo ngexesha ingeniswe kwi-mold. Umahluko obalulekileyo apha uphakathi kweqondo lobushushu elithululwayo kunye neqondo lobushushu apho uqina luqala khona (indawo yokunyibilika yentsimbi esulungekileyo okanye ubushushu bolwelo lwealloyi). Lo mahluko weqondo lokushisa ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba yi "overheating." Oku kufuneka kube kuncinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzaliswa okwaneleyo kwesikhunta, ekubeni zombini isantya se-oxidation kunye ne-solubility yeegesi kwintsimbi yolwelo kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa.
- isantya sokugalela: ibhekisa kwisantya apho isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo sigalelwa kwi-mold. Ukuba isantya sicotha kakhulu, kukho umngcipheko wokuba isinyithi siya kupholisa ngaphambi kokuba sizalise ngokupheleleyo i-cavity. Ukuba isantya sokugalela sigqithise kakhulu, sinokwenza isiphithiphithi kwaye sibe yingxaki enkulu, enokubangela ukukhukuliseka kwesanti yokungunda kunye neegesi zomgibe kunye ne-slag kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo.
- Isiphithiphithi ekuhambeni: kwenzeka xa isinyithi se-liquid sidibana neendonga zesikhunta kwaye kuxhomekeke kwisantya, i-viscosity yensimbi engamanzi kunye nejometri yenkqubo yokuzalisa. Kubalulekile ukuphepha ukuhamba kwe-turbulent njengoko kukhuthaza ukusebenzisana okukhulu phakathi kwetsimbi kunye nomoya, okubangelwa ukubunjwa kwee-oxide zetsimbi ezinokubanjwa ngexesha lokuqina, ukuwohloka komgangatho wokuphosa. Ukongeza, ukuhamba kwesiphithiphithi kunokubangela ukukhukuliseka kokungunda okugqithisileyo ngenxa yempembelelo yesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo.
Ukufakwa kweCrystallization
Ukufumana enye isakhiwo sekristale kwiintsimbi, inkqubo yokupholisa elawulwayo iyafuneka emva kokuphosa. Isakhiwo sekristale kwiintsimbi zenziwa xa ii-athomu okanye i-ion zilungelelaniswe ngokulandelelana kunye nokuphindaphinda kwinethiwekhi ye-three-dimensional, enika loo nto izinto ezintsha kunye nezinto ezinomdla kakhulu.
Xa isinyithi sinyibilika, imeko engamanzi yesinyithi ibangela ukuba ii-athom zayo ziphazamiseke, ziqhawule iibhondi zazo kwaye zihambe ngokukhululekileyo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba intsimbi iyaphola, ezi athom ziphinda zibopheleleke, kodwa ngendlela ephazamisekileyo. Kodwa ukuba ukupholisa kulawulwa, ii-athomu zingenziwa ukuba zamkele isakhiwo se-crystalline esifunwayo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa a iyunifomu kunye nokupholisa okucothayo kakhulu.
Ngexesha lokupholisa, amaqela amancinci acwangcisiweyo e-athomu ayenziwa, kwaye kancane kancane ayanda, avelise ukukhula kwekristale kunye nokusabalalisa isinyithi kulo lonke isakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, le nethiwekhi yekristale inokutshintshwa emva komsebenzi othile onje ngokuthambisa, ukucima, ukuthambisa, okanye ukwenza, kunye inkqubo recrystallization. Oku kuqulathe ngokusisiseko ukufudumeza isinyithi kwiqondo lobushushu apho iiathom ziqhawula amabhondi, kwaye emva koko zizipholise kwakhona ukuze zifumane isakhiwo esifanayo.
Kukho ezinye iinkqubo zokuvelisa iikristale kwiintsimbi, ezifana nezo zisebenzisa umgubo we-metallurgical odityanisiweyo kwaye uphantsi kwenkqubo ye-sintering ngokufudumeza okulawulwayo ukuze umgubo udibanise kwaye wenze ubume bekristale eshinyeneyo, kodwa oku kunzima ngakumbi...
Zeziphi iintsimbi endinokuzinyibilikisa ekhaya?
Impendulo yalo mbuzo ithi: wonke umntu. Zonke iintsimbi zinganyibilika, ukuba nje zifikeleleka kuwe, kwaye azikho yingozi okanye azivumelekanga ukuba zithengiswe, njengeentsimbi ze-radioactive. Enye into omele uyiqwalasele ukuze ukwazi ukuba ungayinyibilikisa isinyithi okanye ungayinyibilikisa iqondo lobushushu elifikelelwe yinkqubo yakho yokungeniswa okanye i-oveni yakho, kuba kuxhomekeke kubushushu obunyibilikayo besinyithi, uya kukwazi ukunyibilika kuphela ezinye zazo. Umzekelo:
- IGallium (Ga) – 29,76 °C.
- I-Rubidium (Rb) - 39,31 °C
- Potassium (K) - 63,5°C
- I-Tin (Sn) - 231,93°C
- Inkokeli (Pb) - 327,46 °C
- I-Zinc (Zn) - 419,53 °C
- IAluminiyam (Al) - 660,32 °C
- Ubhedu (Cu) - 1.984 °C
- Intsimbi (Fe) - 1.535 °C
- I-Nickel (Ni) - 1.455 °C
- Isilivere (Ag) - 961,78 °C
- Igolide (Au) - 1.064 °C
- IPlatinam (Pt) - 1.768 °C
- I-Titanium (Ti) - 1668 ºC
Kakhulu kwiintsimbi ezicocekileyo, kodwa sinazo iialloys ukuba sinokunyibilika, njengale:
- Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo: phakathi kwe-1,370°C ne-1,480°C.
- Ubhedu: kuluhlu lwe-900 ° C ukuya kwi-1,000 ° C, kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo.
- Ubhedu: iyahluka phakathi kwe-900 ° C kunye ne-940 ° C, kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wobhedu kunye ne-zinc.
- I-Nickel-iron (I-Invar): malunga ne-1,430°C.
- Ubhedu lweAluminiyam: Ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lwe-625-675 ° C.
Kufuneka kuthiwe indlela ezi zinyithi zipholiswa ngayo (ngokucothayo okanye ngokucothayo) zinokuluguqula ulwakhiwo lwazo lwangaphakathi, zizenze zibe nzima okanye zibe brittle ngakumbi, kwaye ukufikelela kwicrystallization yesakhiwo sayo seathom ukufumana iintsimbi ezikrelekrele…
Iintsimbi ze-ferrous kunye ne-non-ferrous
Kuyimfuneko ukwahlula kakuhle phakathi kwesinyithi esine-ferrous kunye ne-non-ferrous, kuba zineempawu ezahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala sine intsimbi enentsimbi:
- I-Frerous: Zezo zinyithi ezinentsimbi, ezifana nentsimbi ethambileyo, intsimbi, intsimbi engatyiwa, njl. I-metallurgy ye-ferrous ithatha malunga ne-90% yemveliso yesinyithi yehlabathi. Intsimbi iphawulwa ngobuninzi bayo, amandla ayo xa idityaniswe nekhabhoni, ukufumaneka kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokulula kokusulungekiswa, kunye nokuba sengozini yokubola kunye neempawu zayo zamagnetic. Ukudalwa kweentsimbi zentsimbi ngokubandakanya izinto ezahlukeneyo, ngokwemilinganiselo ethile, ivumela enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu ukuba zithintelwe okanye zipheliswe.
- i-non-ferrous: ibhekisa kwinkqubo yokunyibilika nayiphi na intsimbi engeyontsimbi okanye ingenayo intsimbi. Imizekelo yezi zinyithi yilothe, ikopolo, i-nickel, i-tin, i-zinc kunye, ukongezelela, iintsimbi ezithathwa njengexabiso njengegolide, isilivere neplatinam. Kubalulekile ukwahlula ezi nkqubo zokugalela kwisinyithi se-ferrous, kuba zifuna iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezibonelelo, ezikhethekileyo ngokuxhomekeka kwisinyithi esiza kusetyenzwa. Zikholisa ukusebenza ngakumbi kunemathiriyeli yeferrous. Kuyo yonke le nkqubo, izihluzi ezikhethekileyo ziyafuneka ukuze kususwe iigesi ezisebenzayo ezinokonakalisa isinyithi, njenge-slag okanye i-hydrogen, enokuthintela ukucocwa kwesinyithi. Ukongezelela, i-dryers isetyenziselwa ukugcina i-non-ferrous concentrates ingenawo umswakama kunye neesanti ezikhethekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwe-molds. Ngokweendlela zobuchule ezisetyenzisiweyo, umgaqo wokuphosa iintsimbi ezingezizo intsimbi uyafana nowesinyithi, nangona ezinye iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokuzalisa ukungunda zisetyenziswa, njengenaliti yoxinzelelo, eqinisekisa ukufumana iinxalenye ezinobukhulu obukhulu. .
recycle kwaye uphumelele
Ukuphosa isinyithi ekhaya ngumsebenzi othakazelisayo onokuthi, ukuba uyenziwe ngokufanelekileyo nangokukhuselekileyo, unokubonelela amathuba okufumana imali, mhlawumbi ngokuthengisa ubucwebe bakho, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yesinyithi, njl. Nazi ezinye iingcamango:
- Amatye anqabileyo: Unganyibilikisa izacholo ongazidingiyo okanye ongazithandiyo (okanye ezinye izinto ozaziyo ziqulathe iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo), nokuba yigolide okanye isilivere, ukwenza iqhekeza elilodwa kwaye ulithengise ngobunzima. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba igram yegolide inexabiso elibaluleke kakhulu…
- Umbane: Izinto ezininzi zombane neze-elektroniki zinezixa ezikhulu zobhedu, njengeentambo. Ukuba unocingo oludala, iimotor ezonakalisiweyo ezinemijiko yobhedu, njl. njl., ungafumana le ntsimbi ifunwayo.
- Iinkonkxa: Iitoti ze-aluminiyam ezisetyenziselwa iziselo zinokunyibilika kwaye i-aluminiyam evelayo emva koko ithengiswe, indlela yokwenza inzuzo kwinto ephosiweyo. Kwenzeka into efanayo ngeetoti zetoti ezisetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kwezinto ezininzi, nangona le enye ialloyi inexabiso eliphantsi kune-aluminiyam.
- abanye: nokuba ziziqwenga zentsimbi, iiprofayili, iintonga, izinto ezilahlwayo, iziqwenga zescrapyard, izinto ezindala, njl.njl., kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesinyithi ezikuzo, zinokunyibilikiswa ukuze zisetyenziswe kwakhona nokufumana ezinye iimilo okanye ukuzithengisa. ngobunzima ngexesha elithile elikhethekileyo.
Ezinye iimbono ukwenza
Ewe kunjalo, ukuba ufuna ukubaleka ekubeni uphinde uphinde uthengise isinyithi ngobunzima, unako yenza okungakumbi:
- Amacandelo: inikeza iinkonzo Foundry ukwenza iinxalenye endaweni okanye ukubuyisela amacandelo metal abantu ukubuyisela iimoto zakudala, izithuthuthu okanye ifanitshala yentsimbi.
- Ukusatywa kobugcisa kunye nokuhombisa: Yenza izinto zokuhombisa zasekhaya ezifana nezibambo zocango, iibhulukhwe zefenitshala, okanye izibane zentsimbi zesiko.
- Iindebe kunye namabhaso: Ukubonelela ngeziganeko zemidlalo zasekhaya, ukhuphiswano okanye imiboniso yeembasa ezineembasa zesinyithi kunye namabhaso.
- Ulwakhiwo: Nyibilikisa isinyithi ukwenza izakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga okanye ezingathengiswanga ngokulula, okanye mhlawumbi iinxalenye zokulungiswa kweendawo ezingasaveliswanga.
- Iigugu-Unganyibilika iintsimbi ezibekekileyo kunye nexabiso ukwenza ubucwebe bakho kwaye ube ngumyili wefashoni.
Amanyathelo okhuseleko lokunyibilikisa isinyithi
Ukuphoswa kwesinyithi ngumsebenzi obandakanya umngcipheko omkhulu, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukulandela amanyathelo afanelekileyo okhuseleko ukukhusela impilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Apha ngezantsi kukho amanyathelo angundoqo okhuseleko omawuthathwe xa kusatywa isinyithi:
- Izixhobo zokuzikhusela: Hlala unxibe izixhobo zokuzikhusela, kuquka iindondo zokhuseleko, iibhutsi ezifanelekileyo, iiglavu ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, iifaskoti ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomlilo, kwezinye iimeko, iminqwazi eqinileyo nokukhusela amehlo. Usenokufuna isigqubuthelo sobuso, ekubeni kwezinye iimeko kunokuveliswa iigesi ezinetyhefu ongafanele uziphefumlele.
- Indawo yokusebenzela ekhuselekileyo: Ukuseka indawo enomoya, indawo yokusebenza ezinikeleyo yokuphosa isinyithi, ngokukhethekileyo kwindawo yokusebenzela okanye igaraji. Qinisekisa ukuba ayinazinto ezinokutsha nokuba zixhobo zokucima umlilo ezifanelekileyo zikho. Kwakhona, ukuba indawo inomswakama ophantsi, ingcono kakhulu, kuba ubukho bamanzi kwindawo engqongileyo bunokubangela iingxaki ezithile kwinkqubo.
- Ukungenisa umoya okwaneleyo: Ukunyibilikiswa kwesinyithi ekhaya kunokukhupha umsi oyityhefu kunye nomphunga xa kunyibilika izinto ezithile. Sebenzisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuphefumla, njengesixhobo sokukhupha umsi, okanye usebenze ngaphandle ukuze uphephe ukuphefumla le michiza iyingozi.
- Ulawulo lomlilo: Gcina isixhobo sokucima umlilo esinekhemikhali eyomileyo esinikwe udidi lwemililo yodidi D (intsimbi etshayo) kufutshane nendawo osebenza kuyo. Kananjalo yiba nebhakethi yesanti okanye ingubo yokucima umlilo ngesandla. Ungaze usebenzise amanzi kwiintsimbi ezikubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu, njengoko oku kunokubangela isiganeko esikhulu.
- Isixhobo sokuphosa esikhuselekileyo: isebenzisa iziko okanye izixhobo zokunyibilikisa ezilungiselelwe lo msebenzi. Zihlole rhoqo izixhobo zokusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ndawo ivuzayo yegesi okanye iingxaki zombane.
- Ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwesinyithi: Bamba isinyithi esityhidiweyo ngononophelo kwaye usebenzise i-tweezers efanelekileyo okanye izixhobo. Kuphephe ukunxibelelana, i-splashes, njl., kwaye uhlale ugcina izilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nabantwana kude ngexesha lenkqubo ukuphepha iingozi.
- Uncedo yokuqala: Kufuneka uhlale unekiti yoncedo lokuqala esandleni kufuphi nendawo osebenza kuyo kwaye uyazi ukuba uyisebenzisa njani. Ukutshisa ngumngcipheko oqhelekileyo, ngoko kufuneka wazi ukuba ungawaphatha njani ngokufanelekileyo. Kwaye ukuba zitshisa kakhulu, yiya ngokukhawuleza kwigumbi likaxakeka.
- Uqeqesho kunye namava: Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuphosa isinyithi, funa uqeqesho kwaye ufumane amava. Funda malunga neentlobo zesinyithi kunye namanqaku okunyibilika kwazo, kunye neendlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuphosa, into onokuyenza kwaye awukwazi ukuyenza, njl. Ziqhelanise neekhemikhali ezibandakanyekayo ekwenziweni kwesinyithi kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nazo. Qinisekisa ukuba uyayazi imilinganiselo ethile yokhuseleko yohlobo ngalunye lwesinyithi.
Khumbula ukuba ukuphosa isinyithi ngumsebenzi ofuna ulwazi kunye namava, ngoko kubalulekile ukufunda kwimithombo ethembekileyo kwaye uhlale uphapheme malunga nokhuseleko.
Ndingazenza iialloys?
Impendulo kulo mnye umbuzo nguewe.. Unokwenza ii-alloys zakho, lo gama nje ziphakathi kweentsimbi ezinokudityaniswa enye kwenye, kuba kukho ezinye ezingenako ukuxutywa. Ke ngoko, kuya kufuneka wazi ukuba yintoni enokwenzeka phambi kokuba uqhubeke nokuxuba isinyithi ngaphandle kwemvano-siphelo okanye isizathu.
Phantse phantse zonke iintsimbi zinokudityaniswa, oko kukuthi, zidityaniswe nezinye iintsimbi okanye izinto zokwenza ialloys ezineempawu ezithile nezintsha. I ezona ntsimbi zilungileyo kwiialloys zezi:
- Intsimbi (Fe): Yintsimbi esisiseko yee-alloys ezininzi, ezifana nentsimbi, eyi-alloy yentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni. Intsimbi isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino nakulwakhiwo ngenxa yamandla ayo kunye nokuqina.
- IAluminiyam (Al): I-aluminiyam idityaniswe nezinye iintsimbi, ezifana nobhedu, i-silicon, i-zinc kunye ne-magnesium, ukwenza ii-alloys ezikhaphukhaphu kwaye zikwazi ukumelana nokuhlwa. Imizekelo yi-alloys ye-aluminiyam esetyenziswa kwi-aerospace kunye nemizi-mveliso yeemoto.
- Ubhedu (Cu): Isetyenziswe kwiindidi ze-alloys, kubandakanywa ubhedu (ithusi kunye ne-tin) kunye nobhedu (ithusi kunye ne-zinc). Ezi ngxube ziyaziwa ngamandla abo, ukuqhutyelwa kombane kunye neempawu zobuhle.
- Umnxeba (Ni): Idityaniswe nezinye izinyithi, ezifana nentsimbi okanye ichromium, ukwenza iialloyi ezingagugiyo, njengentsimbi engatyiwa kunye neMonel.
- I-Titanium (Ti): Isetyenziswe kwi-alloys kwi-aerospace kunye namashishini ezonyango ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu kunye nokuxinana okuphantsi. I-alloy eqhelekileyo yi-Ti-6Al-4V (Titanium-6% Aluminium-4% Vanadium).
- Khokela (Pb): Isetyenziswe kwi-alloys, njenge-lead-tin, kwi-soldering kunye ne-counterbalancing izicelo ngenxa yobuninzi bayo.
- IZinki (Zn): Idibaniswe nezinye izinyithi ukwenza i-alloys ezifana nobhedu kunye ne-zamak. Ubhedu lusetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni izixhobo zomculo kunye nemihombiso, ngelixa i-zamak isetyenziselwa ukuphosa.
- I-Tin (Sn): Isetyenziswa kwi-welding alloys kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto ezifana nempahla yasekhitshini kunye nokupakishwa.
- Isilivere (Ag): Idityaniswe nezinye iintsimbi, ezifana nobhedu, ukwenza iialloys ezifana nesilivere eqaqambileyo esetyenziswa ekwenzeni ubucwebe.
- Igolide (Au): Idityaniswe nezinye isinyithi ukwenza i-alloys esetyenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe, njengegolide ye-18K (Au-75%, Cu-25%), njl.
Le yimizekelo nje embalwa, kwaye zininzi ezinye iialloys ezisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-aerospace ukuya kulwakhiwo kunye ne-elektroniki. I-alloys ivumela iimpawu zesinyithi ukuba zilungelelaniswe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini.