I-GNU Electric – Isoftware Enhle Kakhulu Yamahhala Nengumthombo Ovulekile ye-Chip VLSI Design

I-GNU Electric akuyona nje enye isofthiwe yamahhala, iyisudi enamandla yamathuluzi evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi badizayine izinhlelo, badwebe imidwebo yesekethe, futhi ekugcineni bakhe amadizayini ama-chip ezingeni le-transistor njengoba kwenza izinkampani zokuklama amasistimu. I-VLSI.

Ngokugxila ekuguquguqukeni nasekusebenzeni kahle, i-GNU Electric isiphenduke i- ukukhetha okuncamelayo kochwepheshe kanye nabathandi ngokufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzothola imibhalo emihle ezokusiza ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kanye nesethi enhle yemitapo yolwazi yokukhiqiza i-chip ezindaweni ezihlukene, izifunda zokuhlola, njll.

Yini Ugesi?

Ugesi wuhlelo lokuklama olusizwa ngekhompiyutha lwamasekhethi kagesi, olugxile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwesekethe edidiyelwe. Kodwa-ke, futhi iyakwazi ukuphatha ama-schemas nezilimi zokuchaza ihadiwe noma I-HDL (Ulimi Lwezincazelo Zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha) ye-VLSI (Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinga Elikhulu Kakhulu) idizayini ye-chip. Iguquguquka futhi ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-MOS (nMOS nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-CMOS), i-bipolar kanye ne-hybrid design. Ngokungeziwe kulobu buchwepheshe bokuklama kwe-IC, ungasebenza namanye amafomu amaningi ezithombe, njenge-schematics, ubuciko, izakhiwo ze-FPGA, nokuningi. Kufaka umhleli wobuchwepheshe owakhelwe ngaphakathi ovumela ukuguqulwa nokudalwa kwezindawo ezintsha zedizayini.

Ugesi uhlanganisa a amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya nokuhlanganisa. Uhlelo luhlanganisa okuhlola imithetho yokuklama, izilingisi, amarutha, nokunye okuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inemodeli enhle yokuhlanganiswa kwamathuluzi, okwenza kube lula ukwengeza amasha. Ngokufanayo, inamathuluzi engeziwe, njenge-IRSIM simulator evela eNyuvesi yaseStanford, engahlanganiswa ngokuphelele ne-Electric, njengomphelelisi we-ALS.

Ngokungeziwe ekwazini ukuphatha ubuchwepheshe namathuluzi angafanele, i-Electric ine-interface enamandla ehlinzeka ngezingqinamba zedizayini nokuphatheka kwenkundla. Isistimu yokukhawulela ivumela izingxenye ezixhunyiwe ukuthi zihlale zixhumekile ngokunengqondo, ngisho nalapho umklamo ulungiswa. Ukuphatheka kweplatifomu kusho ukuthi i-Electric ingasebenza cishe kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha (ikhodi ye-Java isebenza noma yikuphi futhi ikhodi engu-C ihlanganiswa I-UNIX/LINUX, iWindows ne-Macintosh). Futhi uzoyithola itholakala ngezilimi eziningana, kuhlanganise neSpanishi.

Izici zikagesi

I-Electric iyisistimu yokuklama ye-VLSI eguquguquka kakhulu futhi enamandla ekwazi ukuphatha izinhlobo eziningi zedizayini yesekethe.. I-interface yayo yomsebenzisi eyinkimbinkimbi isebenza kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenza ezidumile futhi inikeza izilimi ezitolikayo zabasebenzisi abathuthukile. Ugesi unamathuluzi amaningi okuhlaziya nawokuhlanganisa, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola imithetho yokuklama, ukulingisa, ukuqhathanisa inethiwekhi, umzila, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-silicon, ukukhiqizwa kwe-PLA, kanye nesinxephezelo.

Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa imithetho yokuklama Ugesi uqapha zonke izinguquko ezenziwe ekwakhiweni futhi ubonisa imilayezo yamaphutha lapho kutholwa ukwephulwa komthetho. Ugesi ungafunda nokuphumayo kwe-Assura noma i-Caliber futhi ubonise imiphumela. Isihloli somthetho kagesi sihlola zonke izindawo kahle futhi sihlukanise izindawo lapho kuxhunywana khona kahle nesikhala, futhi senza isheke lomthetho we-antenna ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa.

Ugesi uza nesifanisi Ileveli yokushintsha eyakhelwe ngaphakathi eyi-12, ebizwa nge-ALS. I-Electric ingakhiqiza amadekhi okungena ezinombolo zezilingisi ezidumile. Abasebenzisi bakagesi kufanele bathole lezi zifanisi bebodwa.

El Ijeneretha ye-PLA CMOS kusuka ku-Electric isebenza kumtapo wezincwadi wezinto ze-PLA, okuvumela ukufa ngokwezifiso. I-pad frame generator ibeka amaseli ephedi eduze kwe-chip core futhi iwaxhuma ndawonye. I-generator ye-ROM ikhiqiza umklamo ovela kufayela lomuntu we-ROM.

El Ikhompatha kagesi ilungisa ijiyomethri ibe isikhala sayo esincane kuma-ax angu-X no-Y. I-Logic Effort iwuhlelo lokumaka amasango ohlelo lwedijithali ngolwazi oluphuma abalandeli oluzokhiqiza amasekhethi ashesha kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Electric inamathuluzi okubeka okuhlola ayisithupha atholakalayo asebenzisa i-parallelism ukusheshisa umsebenzi. Umzila we-labyrinth kagesi usebenzisa izintambo ngazinye phakathi kwamaphoyinti. Irutha yokuthunga iseli yenza ukuxhumana okusobala lapho amaseli ajoyina noma agqagqana. Irutha yokulingisa ibheka umsebenzi womsebenzisi futhi iphinda umsebenzi ezimeni ezifanayo kuwo wonke umjikelezo.

El Uhlelo lwe-VHDL Ugesi ungakha i-VHDL ngesakhiwo, futhi ungahlanganisa i-VHDL ibe uhlu lwamafomethi ahlukahlukene. Lezi zinhlu zingalingiswa ngesifanisi esakhelwe ngaphakathi, siguqulelwe kusakhiwo nge-silicon compiler, noma ilondolozwe kudiski ukuze isetshenziswe izifanisi zangaphandle.

El Izindawo Zokuhlanganisa I-Silicon Kagesi Nemizila Amaseli Ajwayelekile ohlwini lwamanethiwekhi esakhiwo, angatholwa ku-VHDL, nawo angatholwa emdwebeni wohlelo. I-Electric iphinde ibe nethuluzi le-Network Consistency Checker (LVS) eliqhathanisa idizayini nesikimu esilinganayo. Ungaqhathanisa izinguqulo ezimbili ezihlukene zedizayini noma izinguqulo ezimbili ezihlukene zohlelo. Inguqulo yokuhlola ye-NCC iyatholakala, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Port Exchange Experiment.

Futhi uma uyifuna, uzophinde ube nayo onayo a uhlelo lokuphatha amaphrojekthi olwakhelwe ngaphakathi (ngisho nohlelo lwesibili olwakhelwe ngaphakathi lwe-CVS-based uma uthanda) oluvumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babelane ngelabhulali yamasekhethi. Abasebenzisi bangakhipha amaseli ukuze ahlelwe futhi bawabuyisele lapho eqedile. Abanye abasebenzisi bavinjelwe ekuguquleni amaseli akhishiwe futhi bangabuyekeza amasekhethi abo lapho izinguquko zirekhodwa. Ukwengeza, abasebenzisi bavinjelwa ekwenzeni izinguquko kumaseli ahloliwe ezingathinta amanye amaseli angahloliwe. Izexwayiso ziphinde zikhishwe lapho abasebenzisi abaningi bekhipha amaseli ahlobene ngokwezigaba, okungabangela ukuphazamiseka ekuhleleni kwawo.

Ngokuqondene ne ubuchwepheshe obusekelwayo, sine:

nMOS	I-nMOS transistor yomdabu
I-CMOS	Iza ngezinguqulo eziningana ezahlukene, njenge-generic, i-Cal Tech Round, noma imithetho ye-MOSIS.
I-bipolar	I-generic bipolar transistor logic
I-BiCMOS	I-Bipolar+CMOS yamasekhethi ayingxube
I-TFT	Amasekhethi amafilimu amancane
Izihlungi zedijithali	IGeneric
PCB	Ingakwazi ukusekela izendlalelo ezingafika kwezingu-8 zamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe
Ama-Schematics	Dala amasekhethi esikimu anezingxenye ze-analog nedijithali
FPGA	Idizayini ye-FPGA yangokwezifiso
Umsebenzi wobuciko	Izinto zokuklama umfanekiso

Futhi mayelana nokuxhumana kwangaphandle, iqiniso liwukuthi ugesi uphakeme kakhulu ifayela elihambisanayo kusuka kwamanye ama-EDA amaningi, isibonelo:

ifomethi	Indawo yokungena	Descripción
Cif	INGABE	Ifomethi ye-Caltech Intermediate
GDS II	INGABE	Ifomethi ye-Calma GDS Exchange
I-EDIF	INGABE	Ifomethi yokushintshashintsha kwe-Electronic Design
SUE	E	Indawo Yomsebenzisi Ewuhlelo
I-DXF	INGABE	Ifomethi ye-AutoCAD Native Mechanical
I-VHDL	INGABE	HDL
I-Verilog	S	HDL
CDL	S	Cadence Incazelo Ulimi
EAGLE	S	Ukuthwebula okuhleliwe
AMADODA	S	Ukuthwebula okuhleliwe
I-ECAD	S	Ukuthwebula okuhleliwe
I-Applicon	E	I-Applicon/860 (ifomethi ye-CAD endala)
Iheferensi	E	Ishalofu lezincwadi (ifomethi yokushintshanisa ukubekwa)
Gerber	INGABE	I-Gerber Scientific (ifomethi yeplotter)
I-HPGL	S	Ulimi Lokuhlela
I-PostScript	S	Ulimi Lokuhlela
I-SVG	S	I-Scalable Vector Graphics (isithombe esisheshayo sesiphequluli)

Kodwa lokhu akukona konke, ungakwazi futhi unama-plugin afana nala malayibhulali:

• Izwe laseBoise: umtapo wolwazi wokusebenzisa amaseli ajwayelekile adalwe inyuvesi aqanjwe ngayo, futhi ngokusekelwe emithethweni ye-MOSIS Submicron enezendlalelo ezi-3 zokuxhumanisa kwensimbi kanye nekhono lokwenza chip ku-ON Semiconductor foundry kunqubo ye-C5.
• Harvey Mudd: amaseli ajwayelekile nama-chips avela e-Harvey Mudd College, anomklamo omncane we-MIPS ongu-32-bit kanye namaseli ahlobene nawo.
• MOSIS CMOS- Unakho kokubili umtapo wolwazi wokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe be-350nm kanye ne-180nm yamaphedi namaseli ajwayelekile ngokulandelanayo. Le mitapo yolwazi yakhiwe yi-Sun Microsystems Laboratories kanye ne-City Engineering College yase-Bangladesh, iholwa yi-Kanada Technologies.
• I-Sun Microsystems Test Chip: Lena idizayini yeLanga enama-transistors acishe abe yisigidi esi-1 asetshenziswe njengemodeli ukukala amandla esakhiwo se-chip.
• Ilabhulali yeselula: omunye umtapo wolwazi wamaseli oklanywe u-Hochschule Kempten futhi wasetshenziswa ku-Electric's Silicon Compiler.

Kuyamangaza nje…

I-GNU Electric: umlando

Isofthiwe yokuklama i-VLSI, i-GNU Electric, ibe nomlando omude kuze kube yilokho esikwaziyo namuhla. Yakhiwe nguSteven M. Rubin ekuqaleni kwawo-80 futhi ngokushesha yasakazwa emanyuvesi nasezikhungweni zocwaningo emhlabeni jikelele. Maphakathi nawo-80, i-Applicon yakhangisa ugesi ngaphansi kwegama elithi “Bravo3VLSI.” Imiklamo yokuqala kagesi yabhalwa ngolimi lokuhlela luka-C, futhi isengalandwa kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni, nakuba izothunyelwa kamuva ku-Java isuka kunguqulo 8.0, nakuba i-7.0 igcinwa isekelwe ku-C uma uyifuna.

Ngo-1988, i-Electric Editor Incorporated yasungulwa, eyathengisa uhlelo ngokuthengisa. Ngo-1998, inkampani yakhipha i-Electric ngokusebenzisa i- Isisekelo Sesofthiwe Yamahhala (GNU). Ngo-1999, ukuthuthukiswa kukagesi kwathuthela eSun Microsystems.

Ngo-2000, uSteven Rubin wadala I-Static Free Software, inkampani ephethe ukusatshalaliswa kwamahhala kwe-Electric. Ngo-2003, inguqulo ye-"C" ye-Electric yashiywa futhi ukuhunyushwa kwayo olimini lwe-Java kwaqala, okwaqedwa ngo-2005. Nakuba ikhodi ye-C isatholakala, ayisathuthukiswa noma ayisasekelwa.

Ngo-2004, i-Static Free Software yaba ingxenye ye I-RuLabinsky Enterprises, Incorporated, inkampani ehlala izinikele kusofthiwe yamahhala. Ngo-2010, i-Oracle yathola i-Sun Microsystems futhi yaqhubeka nokusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Electric kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2016, yingakho isekelwe ku-Java.

Ngo-2017, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Electric kuphelile, kodwa Ukusekela nokulungiswa kweziphazamisi kuyaqhubeka. Ikhodi manje isiyatholakala ku-Free Software Foundation. Njengamanje iyingxenye yerepertoire evamile yamaphakheji ephrojekthi ye-GNU.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwamanje esetshenziswa abathandi bezokuzilibazisa abaningi abazimele, ngisho nangabachwepheshe. Amanyuvesi amaningi emhlabeni jikelele asebenzise i-Electric ekwakheni ama-chip, njengezinkampani ezaziwayo, njenge-Apple Computer, Intel, Harris Corporation, NEC Electronics, Rambus, Sun Microsystems (manje eyi-Oracle), nezinye eziningi. Eqinisweni, phakathi kwezinkampani eziye zayisebenzisa yiTransmeta Corporation edumile, inkampani eyakha ama-microprocessors e-VLIW afana ne-Crusoe ne-Efficeon, nalapho uLinus Torvalds ngokwakhe asebenza khona lapho esanda kufika esuka eFinland eya eSilicon Valley ukuze enze i-Code Morphing, ikhodi. ukuthi Igijime ngemuva ukuze ihumushe imiyalelo yesofthiwe ye-x86 ibe yi-VLIW ukuze yenze lawa mashiphu ahambisane nesofthiwe yansuku zonke.

Ungawuthola kanjani ugesi wamahhala

Uma ukuthandile, ungakwazi landa mahhala kusuka lapha:

• I-GNU Electric version C, i-Java kanye nekhodi yomthombo yamapulatifomu ahlukene (Linux, MacOS, Windows).
• Imitapo yolwazi eyengeziwe.
• imibhalo.
• I-IRSIM Simulator.