Ama-LED anombala: uyithola kanjani imibala ehlukene?

I-Los Ama-LED anemibala Bebelokhu behamba nathi eminyakeni yamuva. Njalo lapho kuvela ama-shades amasha ama-LED, njengoba bekungelula kuzo zonke izimo. Isibonelo, njengelukuluku, kufanele wazi ukuthi ama-LED amhlophe nama-LED aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka abe phakathi kokugcina ukufika emakethe.

Njengamanje, sebephenduke uhlobo lwe-diode kubalulekile emikhakheni eminingi. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko uzofunda Konke odinga ukukwazi Kulokhu izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi eziyisisekelo, nokuthi kungani ekhipha ukukhanya, kungani leyo mibala, nokunye okuningi...

Imithombo Ekhipha Ukukhanya Kwe-Semiconductor

Njengoba kufanele wazi, imithombo emibili yokukhishwa kokukhanya engavela kumadivayisi we-semiconductor yile Ama-laser diode nama-LED diode. Nakuba i-LED isekelwe ekukhiqizweni okuzenzakalelayo, ama-Lasers asekelwe ekukhishweni okukhuthazwayo. Yilowo umehluko phakathi kwakho kokubili.

I-Los ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya (I-Light Emitting Diode) ziwumthombo wokukhanya ovame kakhulu phakathi kwezinto zikagesi. Asetshenziselwa ukukhombisa isikhathi kumawashi edijithali, ukukhombisa ukusebenza noma ukushajwa kwebhethri, njll. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ziningi, futhi manje sezigxumele ekukhanyeni ngamalambu amasha e-LED ukuze zikhanyise zonke izinhlobo zamakamelo ngisho nezimoto imbala.

Lawa madivayisi e-LED ayingxenye yeqembu ama-opto-semiconductors, ekwazi ukuguqula amandla kagesi abe ukukhanya. Le divayisi yokukhanyisa inenzuzo enkulu yokuhlala isikhathi eside, ngoba ayishisi njengama-bulb, futhi ibuye isebenze kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kuncane kakhulu kunama-bulb avamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zabo zokukhiqiza ziphansi kakhulu, yingakho sezidume kakhulu.

Njenganoma iyiphi enye idivayisi ye-semiconductor, i-LED inezici eziyinhloko eziyisisekelo, njenge Izindawo ezingu-P ezinezimbobo (+) kanye nezindawo ezingu-N ezinama-electron (-), okungukuthi, abathwali abashaja abajwayelekile banoma iyiphi i-semiconductor. Futhi lokhu kwenza:

• Lapho uhlangothi luka-P luxhunywe kugesi kanye nohlangothi luka-N lubheke phansi, ukuxhumana kuchemile phambili, okuvumela okwamanje ukuthi kugeleze ku-diode nokukhanya okukhiphayo esingakubona sonke.
• Uma uhlangothi lwe-P luxhunywe emhlabathini futhi uhlangothi lwe-N luxhunywe kumandla kagesi, ukuxhumana kuthiwa kuchemile, okuvimbela ukuhamba kwamandla. Uyazi kakade ukuthi ama-diode avimbela ukudlula kwamandla ngendlela eyodwa.
• Uma ukuya phambili kuchemile, iningi le-P-side kanye ne-N-side iningi nabathwali beshaja abayidlanzana bayahlangana, okwenza abathwali beshaji bangathathi hlangothi kungqimba yokuncipha kokuhlangana kwe-PN. Futhi, lokhu kufuduka kwama-electron nezimbobo kukhipha inani elithile lama-photons, okungukuthi, ingxenye yamandla ikhishwa ngesimo sokukhanya, ne-wavelength engaguquki (monochromatic). Yilokhu okuzogqamisa umbala we-LED, ngoba kuye ngobude begagasi obukhiphayo kungaba yi-IR, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ephuzi, eluhlaza, ephuzi, e-amber, emhlophe, ebomvu, e-UV, njll.
• Ubude begagasi obukhishiwe be-spectrum ye-electromagnetic, futhi ngenxa yalokho umbala, kunqunywa izinto ze-semiconductor ezakha ukuhlangana kwe-PN kwe-diode. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanganisela ze-semiconductor zingahluka noma kudlalwe ngazo ukudala imibala emisha ngaphakathi kwe-spectrum noma ububanzi obubonakalayo.

Kumele kushiwo ukuthi imibala ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nohlaza (RGB noma Red Green Blue) ingahlanganiswa kalula ukuze ikwazi khiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi i-voltage yokusebenza ye-LEDs nayo iyahlukahluka kuye ngombala. Ngokwesibonelo, imibala ebomvu, eluhlaza, e-amber, nephuzi idinga ama-volts angu-1.8 ukuze isebenze. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi ububanzi be-voltage esebenzayo ye-diode ekhipha ukukhanya bunganqunywa ngokuya nge-voltage yokuwohloka kwempahla ye-semiconductor esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwe-LED.

Izinhlobo ze-LED

Ama-LED angahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningana, enye yezinto eziyinhloko ukukwenza ngokuvumelana nobude be-wavelength abukhiphayo, ushiye. izigaba ezimbili:

•  ama-LED abonakalayo: yilezo ezikhipha amaza amaza ngaphakathi kwe-spectrum ebonakalayo, okungukuthi, phakathi kuka-400nm no-750nm. Lolu hlu luyilokho iso lomuntu elingakubona, njengasendimeni yomsindo singezwa kuphela phakathi kuka-20 Hz no-20 Khz. Ngaphansi kuka-20 Hz kukhona i-infrasound esingayizwa, futhi ngaphezu kuka-20 Khz kune-ultrasound esingakwazi ukuyithwebula nathi. Kwenzeka okufanayo endabeni yokukhanya, ukuba ne-infrared noma i-IR uma ingaphansi kuka-400 nm kanye nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet lapho kuhamba ngaphezu kuka-750 nm. Zombili azibonakali ngeso lomuntu.
•  ama-LED angabonakali: yilawo maza wamaza esingakwazi ukuwabona, njengoba kwenzeka nge-IR diode noma i-UV diode.

Ama-LED abonakalayo asetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhanyisa noma ukusayina. Ama-LED angabonakali asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisa ukushintshwa kwe-optical, ukuxhumana kwe-optical nokuhlaziya, njll., kusetshenziswa izinzwa zesithombe.

Ukusebenza kahle

Njengoba wazi kahle, ukukhanya kwe-LED kuningi esebenza kahle kakhudlwana kunokujwayelekile, ngakho kudla amandla amancane kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yemvelo yama-LED. Futhi kuthebula elilandelayo ungabona ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-flux ekhanyayo namandla okufaka kagesi anikezwe i-LED. Okusho ukuthi, ingavezwa ngama-lumens nge-watt ngayinye (lm/W):

Ukwakhiwa kwe-LED

Umthombo: ResearchGate

La ukwakheka kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-diode akhipha ukukhanya kuhluke kakhulu kulawo we-diode evamile, njenge-zener, njll. Ukukhanya kuzokhishwa ku-LED uma i-PN junction yayo ichemile. I-PN junction imbozwe i-epoxy resin eqinile kanye ne-plastic hemispherical dome esobala evikela ingaphakathi le-LED ekuphazamisekeni komkhathi, ukudlidliza nokushaqeka okushisayo.

I-PN junction yenziwa kusetshenziswa izinto zokwakha ama-bandgap aphansi afana ne-gallium arsenide, i-gallium arsenide phosphide, i-gallium phosphide, i-indium gallium nitride, i-gallium aluminium nitride, i-silicon carbide, njll. Isibonelo, ama-LED abomvu akhiwe ku-gallium arsenide substrate, eluhlaza, ophuzi nowolintshi ku-gallium phosphide, njll. Ezibomvu, ungqimba lohlobo lwe-N lufakwe nge-tellurium (Te) futhi ungqimba lwe-P lufakwe i-zinc (Zn). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izingqimba zokuxhumana zakhiwa kusetshenziswa i-aluminium ohlangothini luka-P kanye ne-tin-aluminium ohlangothini luka-N.

Futhi, kufanele wazi ukuthi lezi zixhumanisi azikhiphi ukukhanya okuningi, ngakho-ke i-epoxy resin dome yakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi ama-photons okukhanya akhishwe yi-PN junction abonakale kangcono futhi agxiliswe ngawo. Okungukuthi, akusebenzi nje kuphela njengomvikeli, kodwa futhi njenge-lens yokugxilisa ukukhanya. Kuyisizathu esenza ukuthi ukukhanya okukhishiwe kubonakale kukhanya ngaphezulu kwe-LED.

Ama-LED aklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhanya iningi lokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezithwali zokushaja kwenzeka endaweni okuhlangana kuyo i-PN ngezizathu ezisobala, futhi lokho kufezwa ngale ndlela:

• Ngokwandisa ukugxila kwe-doping ye-substrate, ama-electron engeziwe enkampani eshajayo amancane aya phezulu kwesakhiwo, aphinde ahlangane, futhi akhiphe ukukhanya endaweni ye-LED.
• Ngokwandisa ubude bokusabalalisa abathwali bokushaja, okungukuthi, L = √ Dτ, lapho u-D eyi-coefficient yokusabalalisa kanye no-τ isikhathi sokuphila senkampani yenethiwekhi. Uma inyuswa ngaphezu kwevelu ebucayi, kuzoba nethuba lokuphinda kuthathwe izithombe ezikhishwe kudivayisi.

Ngakho-ke, lapho i-diode ye-LED ixhunywe nokuchema phambili, abathwali bezimpahla bathola amandla anele ukuze banqobe umgoqo ongase ube khona endaweni yokuhlangana ye-PN. Izithwali zokushaja ezincane kukho kokubili uhlobo lwe-P kanye ne-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N zijovwa ngaphesheya komgwaqo futhi ziphinde zihlanganiswe nezinkampani zenethiwekhi eziningi. Inhlanganisela yabathwali abaningi nabancane ingaba ngezindlela ezimbili:

• ekhipha imisebe: uma ukukhanya kukhishwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kabusha.
• hhayi ngemisebe: ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kabusha akukho kukhanya okukhishwayo, ukushisa kukhiqizwa. Okusho ukuthi, ingxenye yamandla kagesi asetshenzisiwe ilahleka ngendlela yokushisa hhayi ukukhanya. Kuye ngephesenti lamandla asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukukhanya noma ukushisa, lokhu kuzoba ukusebenza kahle kwe-LED.

ama-semiconductors e-organic

Muva nje baphinde bagqekeza emakethe OLED noma ama-organic light-emitting diode, asetshenziselwe ukuboniswa. Lawa ma-diode amasha e-organic akhiwe ngezinto zemvelo ephilayo, okungukuthi, i-organic semiconductor, lapho ukuqhutshwa kuvunyelwe ngokwengxenye noma kuyo yonke i-molecule ephilayo.

Lezi zinto ze-organic zingase zibe phakathi isigaba se-crystalline noma kuma-molecule e-polymeric. Lokhu kunenzuzo yokuba nesakhiwo esincanyana kakhulu, izindleko eziphansi, zidinga i-voltage ephansi kakhulu ukuze zisebenze, zinokugqama okuphezulu, nokugqama okukhulu nokushuba.

Imibala ye-LED

Ngokungafani nama-semiconductor diode avamile, ama-LED akhipha lokho kukhanya ngenxa yezinhlanganisela azisebenzisayo, njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni. Ama-semiconductor diode ajwayelekile enziwa nge-silicon noma i-germanium, kodwa ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya izinhlanganisela njenge:

• i-gallium arsenide
• i-gallium arsenide phosphide
• I-Silicum carbide
• i-idium gallium nitride

Ukuxuba lezi zinto kungakhiqiza ubude be-wavelength obuhlukile futhi obuhlukile, ukuze kuzuzwe umbala oyifunayo. Izinhlanganisela ezihlukene ze-semiconductor zikhipha ukukhanya ezindaweni ezichaziwe ze-spectrum yokukhanya okubonakalayo futhi ngenxa yalokho zikhiqiza amazinga ahlukene okuqina kokukhanya. Ukukhethwa kwempahla ye-semiconductor esetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwe-LED kuzonquma ubude begagasi bokukhishwa kwe-photon kanye nomphumela wombala wokukhanya okukhishiwe.

Iphethini yokukhishwa kwemisebe

Iphethini yemisebe ichazwa njenge-engeli yokukhipha ukukhanya ngokuphathelene nendawo ephumayo. Inani eliphakeme lamandla, ukuqina noma amandla lizotholakala endaweni eqondile endaweni ephumayo. I-engeli yokukhipha ukukhanya incike embaleni okhishwayo futhi ngokuvamile iyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-80° no-110°. Nali itafula elinama- imibala ehlukene kanye materials:

Umbala wokukhanya okhishwe yi-LED awunqunywa yi- umbala womzimba wepulasitiki lokho kufaka i-LED. Lokhu kumele kucace kakhulu. Njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, i-epoxy resin isetshenziswa kokubili ukwenza ngcono ukuphuma kokukhanya nokubonisa umbala lapho i-LED icishiwe.

I-Multicolor LED

Emakethe kukhona a ama-LED ahlukahlukene atholakalayo, enobumo obuhlukene, osayizi, imibala, amandla okukhanya okukhiphayo, njll. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi inkosi engaphikiswa ngentengo yayo yi-gallium arsenide phosphide LED ebomvu, enobubanzi obungu-5mm. Leyo iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngakho iyona ekhiqizwa ngobuningi obukhulu.

Kodwa-ke, njengoba usubonile, kunemibala eminingi ehlukene njengamanje, futhi imibala eminingana iyahlanganiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe a I-Multicolor LED njengale esizoyibona kulesi sigaba...

I-Bicolor

I-bicolor LED, njengoba igama layo liphakamisa, i-a I-LED ekwazi ukukhipha ngemibala emibili ehlukene. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuhlanganisa ama-LED amabili anemibala ehlukene ephaketheni elifanayo. Ngale ndlela, ungashintsha umbala owodwa uye komunye. Isibonelo, njengalawo ma-LED owabona kwamanye amadivayisi ukukhombisa isimo sokushajwa kwebhethri eliba bomvu uma ishaja futhi ibe luhlaza uma isivele ishajiwe.

Ukuze kwakhiwe lawa ma-LED zixhunywe ngokuhambisana, ene-anode ye-LED eyodwa exhunywe ku-cathode yenye i-LED futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngale ndlela, lapho amandla enikezwa noma iyiphi i-anode, i-LED eyodwa kuphela ezokhanya, leyo ethola amandla nge-anode yayo. Uma womabili ama-anode enikwa amandla ngesikhathi esisodwa, kuyenzeka futhi ukuwavula womabili ngesikhathi esisodwa ngokushintsha okuguquguqukayo.

I-Tricolor

Siphinde sibe nama-LED angama-tricolor, okungukuthi, wona ingakhipha imibala emithathu ehlukene esikhundleni sokubili. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-LED amathathu ne-cathode evamile ephaketheni elifanayo, futhi ukukhanyisa umbala owodwa noma emibili, udinga ukuxhuma i-cathode emhlabathini. Futhi okwamanje okunikezwa i-anode yombala ofuna ukuwulawula noma ukuwuvula.

Okusho ukuthi, ngokukhanyisa kwe-LED eyodwa noma emibili, kuyadingeka ukuxhuma ukunikezwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi i-anode ngabanye noma ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lawa ma-LED angama-tricolor nawo avame ukusetshenziswa kunqwaba yamadivayisi, afana nomakhalekhukhwini, ukukhombisa izaziso, njll. Futhi, lolu hlobo lwe-diode lukhiqiza ama-shades engeziwe emibala eyinhloko ngokuvula ama-LED amabili ngezilinganiso ezihlukene zamanje oya phambili.

I-RGB LED

Ngokuyisisekelo iwuhlobo lwe-tricolor LED, kulokhu okwaziwa ngokuthi I-RGB (Blue Green Blue), ngoba ikhipha leyo mibala emithathu izibani. Lokhu sekudume kakhulu emigqeni yokunquma enemibala kanye negiya lokudlala, njengoba kungenzeka uyazi. Nokho, nakuba unemibala eyinhloko, akunakwenzeka ukukhiqiza yonke imibala namathunzi. Eminye imibala iwela ngaphandle kukanxantathu we-RGB, futhi imibala efana nopinki, onsundu, njll. kunzima ukuyithola nge-RGB.

Izinzuzo ze-LED Nemibi

Manje sekuyisikhathi sokubona ukuthi yiziphi eziyinhloko izinzuzo kanye nokubi kulawa ma-diode e-LED:

Izinzuzo

• Usayizi omncane
• Izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi
• Impilo yeshelufu ende (ngeke incibilike)*
• Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuphezulu / ukusetshenziswa okuphansi
• Izinga lokushisa eliphansi / ukushisa okuncane okunemisebe
• Ukuvumelana nezimo
• Bangakwazi ukukhiqiza imibala eminingi ehlukene, ngisho nokukhanya okumhlophe.
• Isivinini sokushintsha esiphezulu
• ukukhanya okuphezulu
• Ingaklanywa ukuthi igxilise ukukhanya ohlangothini olulodwa
• Angamadivaysi e-semiconductor yesimo esiqinile, ngakho aqine kakhulu: amelana kakhulu nokushaqeka okushisayo nokudlidliza.
• Akukho ubukhona bemisebe ye-UV

nebubi

• Ukuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwe-ambient kwamandla okukhiphayo akhazimulayo kanye nobude begagasi be-LED.
• Ukuzwela ekulimaleni ngenxa ye-voltage eyeqile kanye/noma yamanje eyeqile.
• Ukusebenza kahle kwethiyori kutholakala kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile ezibandayo noma zokushaywa umoya.

Aplicaciones

Okokugcina, kuyadingeka ukukhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izicelo ezingenzeka okuhloselwe wona la ma-LED anemibala:

• izibani zemoto
• Izimpawu: izinkomba, izimpawu, amarobhothi
• Bonisa ulwazi olubonakalayo kumadeshibhodi
• Okwezibonisi lapho amaphikseli enziwe ngama-LED
• Izicelo zezokwelapha
• Amathoyizi
• I-Iluminación
• Izilawuli kude (IR LEDs)
• Etc