Lapho usebenza ne-PCB (Ibhodi Yesekethe Eliphrintiwe), impela bekufanele ukwenze Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi unomusa I-SMD (Idivayisi Yokumisa Engaphezulu)i.e. izingxenye zokukhwezwa komhlaba. Lezi zingxenye, esikhundleni sokudlula ebhodini noma ukuthengiswa ngendlela yendabuko, sebenzisa i-SMT (Surface Mount Technology), ukufaka ama-terminals alawa madivayisi kuma-pads ebusweni.
Lobo buchwepheshe bukhona umehluko kulowo wezimbobo noma we-throughole, okwenziwa ngazo ezinye izinhlobo zamabhodi angaxakile futhi angavamisile ukuba nezendlalelo eziningi njengamabhodi womama namanye amabhodi wesifunda aphrintiwe athuthukile.
Yini ukushisela kwe-SMD?
Ubuchwepheshe ukukhweza komhlaba, noma i-SMT, iyindlela yokwakha ethandwa kakhulu ekwenzeni ama-PCB athuthukile. Lobu buchwepheshe bususelwa ezintweni ezibekwe ngaphezulu noma i-SMC (i-Surface-Mounted Component), eshiselwe phezulu kobunye bobuso be-PCB, ngaphandle kokudlula kuyo. Kokubili izingxenye zomhlaba kanye ne-solder kungabizwa nge-SMD.
Njengoba kungadingeki ukuthi badlule ebhodini, futhi zihlangene kakhulu, ezizovumela ukwakha amasekethe amancane kakhulu noma, zonke izinto zilingane, ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Eqinisweni, lolu hlobo lwe Ama-PCBs avame ukuba ngama-multilayer, enezendlalelo eziningana zamathrekhi wokuxhuma nobuso obungaphandle bezikhonkwane ezimbili lapho izingxenye ze-SMD zizothengiswa khona.
Kwenziwa kanjani lokhu kushisela?
Ukuze ukwazi yenza lolu hlobo lokushisela, kudingeka izinsimbi ezikhethekile. I-iron soldering yensimbi ejwayelekile ayizukusebenzela wena, njengoba ichopho layo likhulu kakhulu ukuthi lingaba nokunemba okwanele kwamanye amatheminali alezi zingxenye ze-SMD.
Ngaleso sizathu, nge-SMD soldering kufanele uthole okuthile i-herramientas ekhethekile ngazo
- Ukubekezela okuningi.
- Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhle ukubeka izakhi endaweni efanele.
- Isikhulisi esinokukhanya, ngoba bekungeke kube buhlungu ukuba nomunye wabo ukuze athuthukise ukubonwa.
- Isiteshi sokugcoba ngamathiphu amahle.
- Ama-SMD Soldering Tweezers, futhi iyasebenza kakhulu ngokunamathisela kwezinye izingxenye.
Ngokuqondene nenqubo yokujoyina amadivayisi nge-SMD soldering, imane iqukethe landela lezi zinyathelo ezilula:
- Hlanganisa zonke izinto ezidingekayo namathuluzi endaweni yakho yokusebenza. Xhuma isiteshi sakho se-soldering noma i-soldering iron ukuze uyithole ezingeni lokushisa elifanele. Khumbula ukuthi ama-welds abandayo ayinkinga, futhi kufanele kube yizinga lokushisa elifanele ngaphambi kokuthi uqale.
- Kwividiyo yakamuva, siqala kusuka ku-chip esivele ithengisiwe, esusiwe bese ithengiswa entsha. Le miyalo iqala kusuka ku-PCB ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi into, sengathi bekungokokuqala ufuna uku-solder into leyo.
- Beka i- ukuhamba endaweni lapho kuzofakwa khona insimbi. Ukuhamba kuzosiza ukusabalalisa i-solder ngaphesheya koxhumana nabo.
- Faka i-tin encane ekugcineni kwensimbi yoku-soldering ukuyenza ibe ngothayela (uma ungazange uyenze ngaphambilini). Kwesinye isikhathi ithini lethiphu lanele i-solder ezosabalala kahle impela ngenxa yokugeleza. Akudingekile ngisho nokufaka amanye amathini kwezinye izimo.
- Manje, uma iyi-chip enezikhonkwane eziningana, qhubeka uhudule ichopho lensimbi le-soldering longitudinally kumaphakethe ngamunye.
- Manje, njengoba ingxenye ibekwe kahle ebusweni be-PCB lapho kufanele iye khona, i-solder okungenani eyodwa yezikhonkwane ukukusiza ngenqubo yokuma ukuze ingahambi kakhulu.
- Faka ukugeleza okwengeziwe kuzikhonkwane zezinto, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ungabhebhana ngale kwezikhonkwane. Bese ulungisa ngothayela epuletini, mhlawumbe awudingi owengeziwe ongamazi, njengoba sengivele ngiphawule. Mane uhudule ithiphu eshisayo ngobude, hhayi eceleni.
- Uma kwenzeka ube i-IC enezikhonkwane ezisondelene kakhulu (imvamisa uma ungazange uhudule emuva kwesikhathi akufanele kwenzeke, kepha uma kwenzeka kwenzeka…), kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izikhonkwane zingafinyezwa. Uma lokho kwenzeka, sebenzisa i-solder remover ukususa noma iyiphi i-tin eyeqile ebangela inkinga bese uphinda inqubo yokufaka okokufaka iphini ngayinye ehlukanisiwe ize ihlukane ...
Ngokuvamile ingenye yezinsimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi idinga umkhuba omningi nekhono. Ngemininingwane engaphezulu, ungalandela izinyathelo kule vidiyo:
Yiziphi izingxenye ezingahlanganiswa ngale modi?
Ungahlanganisa inqwaba ye- Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi kusetshenziswa amasu we-SMD / SMT okunamathisela ngomthofu. Phakathi kwezinto ezingathengiselwa ama-PCB ngale ndlela yilezi:
- Izingxenye zokwenziwa: Lezi zinto ezingenzi lutho ze-SMD zingahlukahluka futhi zinezinhlobo eziningi zamaphakeji. Imvamisa zingama-resistors amancane nama-capacitors.
- Izingxenye ezisebenzayo: zingafakwa ngaphakathi ngamaphakeji ahluke kakhulu, futhi izikhonkwane zazo zidayiselwa kumaphakethe we-PCB. Phakathi kokuthandwa kakhulu kukhona ama-transistors nama-diode. Ukubeka ama-transistor ngendlela engafanele akunakwenzeka, ngoba ukuba namatheminali amathathu esikhundleni samabili, njengakwangaphambili, kuzoba nendlela eyodwa yokuwafaka kumamaki e-PCB yakho.
- IC noma amasekethe ahlanganisiwe: ama-chip anenqwaba yamaphakeji nawo angathengiswa. Ngokuvamile lawa angama-IC alula, anezikhonkwane eziyi-6-16, yize kungahle kube khona ezinye eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezinamaphini angamakhulukhulu angaphinde athengiselwe i-PCB.
Noma ngabe hlobo luni lwezinto ezihlanganiswe yi-SMD soldering, lolu hlobo lwe-solder lunalo izinzuzo:
- Ikuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise izinto zosayizi abancane futhi ugcine isikhala ku-PCB noma wandise ubukhulu bezinto ukudala amasekethe ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
- Ngokunciphisa ubude bamathrekhi, ibuye ithuthukise nokuziphatha kwama-inductors nama-resistor.
- Lokhu welding ingashintshwa ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe bamuva.
- Kungasetshenziswa inqwaba yama-acid, izinyibilikisi nezihlanzisi.
- Umphumela uyisifunda esilula kakhulu, okwenza kube kuhle kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho isisindo sibalulekile, njengezikhali zamasosha, ezokundiza, njll.
- Ukuba ngamadivayisi amancane kakhulu, kubuye kudle amandla amancane, futhi kukhiphe ukushisa okuncane.
Njengoba kujwayele ukwenzeka, i-SMD soldering nayo ine ukungalungi:
- Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezinikezwe ukuminyana okuphezulu kokuhlanganiswa ukuthi kuzoba nesikhala esincane sokuphrinta amakhodi noma amalebula angaphezulu okukhomba izingxenye.
- Ukuba izingxenye ezincane, i-welding iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zezinto. Lokho kwenza ukufaka izinto esikhundleni kube nzima kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ukukhiqiza lawa madivayisi kudinga izinga eliphakeme lokuzenzekelayo namathuluzi akhethekile.