oomatshini CNC: isikhokelo kulawulo lwamanani

Las Oomatshini be-CNC bahlasele amacandelo amaninzi amashishini kunye neendibano zocweyo zazo zonke iintlobo, kwaye mva nje nakwenye yeendlela zayo ezithembisayo: Iiprinta ze-3D. Ndiyabulela kuyo, izixhobo zinokusetyenzwa ngeendlela ezininzi, ngokuchaneka ngokupheleleyo, ngokukhawuleza, kunye neziphumo ekunzima ukuzifumana ngemigaqo yezandla. Ezi zezinye zezinto eziluncedo kwezi nkqubo esiza kuzichaza apha.

Yintoni i-CNC

I-CNC (uLawulo lwamaNani oluSebenzisiweyo), okanye ulawulo lwamanani eKhompyutha ngesiNgesi, Yinkqubo exhaphakileyo kubunjineli ukucubungula imathiriyeli kunye neenxalenye ezinongenelelo oluncinci lomntu. Ubuchwephesha be-CNC buvela kulawulo lwamanani, inkqubo ezenzekelayo yezixhobo zoomatshini ezisebenza ngemiyalelo ngamavili ezandla okanye iileva. Nangona kunjalo, aba matshini baye bavela kwaye ngoku bavumela ulawulo lwabo ngesoftware kunye nekhompyuter ukuze baqhubele phambili i-automate inkqubo kwaye banikeze ukusebenza okungcono.

Ukusebenza kwezi nkqubo ze-CNC kulula ukuyiqonda. Isekelwe kumatshini wenxalenye ngokusetyenziswa kwe ulungelelaniso oluya kuchaza intshukumo yesixhobo (ukusika, ukugrumba, ukugaya, ukuwelda...). Ngokufanayo nokusebenza komshicileli we-3D, onokuthi uqondwe njengomatshini we-CNC, kuphela endaweni yokwenza, into eyenzayo kukongeza iileya zezinto zokwakha inxalenye.

Kwaye njengabashicileli be-3D, unokuba neezembe ezininzi, njenge uX, Y kunye noZ, ukukwazi ukwenza ukufuduka okude, okuthe nkqo kunye nokuguquguqukayo ngokulandelelanayo. Ngokusebenzisa abanye Iimoto servo kunye / okanye Iimoto ezihamba ngaphandle, isixhobo siya kuhanjiswa kwindawo echanekileyo eboniswe yiprogram yekhompyutheni, kwaye umatshini uya kwenziwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu.

Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-CNC, umsebenzi wawufuneka ukusingatha izixhobo ngesandla, kodwa ukusilela okunokuthi bakwenze kuchaphazele umgangatho, ukuphindaphinda, iindleko kunye nokunciphisa imveliso. Umzekelo, khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womqeshwa kwivenkile ye-aluminium ofuna ukubhola iifreyimu zefestile. Lo msebenzi ufuna ukuba:

Umsebenzisi uthatha iqhekeza.
Yibeke kwitafile yomsebenzi.
Beka i-bit efanelekileyo kwi-drill.
Kwaye i-drill.

Oku ukwenza umngxuma omnye akuyongxaki, kodwa khawufane ucinge ukuba amakhulu okanye amawaka awo kufuneka enziwe ukuze kugcinwe imveliso eninzi kwaye ngexeshana elifutshane, ukongeza kuyo yonke imingxunya iyafana. Kwimeko apho, abasebenzi abanelanga, kwaye kulapho oomatshini becnc Izise uphuculo olukhulu kushishino Kule meko, amanyathelo ayakuba:

Qinisekisa ukuba umatshini wondliwa ngezinto (ngamanye amaxesha banokude babe nokutyisa okuzenzekelayo).
Yiqale ngeprogram eyimfuneko (kunokufuneka kube kanye kuphela kwaye ubonise inani lokuphindaphinda).
Kwaye uya kuba noxanduva lokwenza i-perforations ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ayiphindaphinde kaninzi njengoko kuyimfuneko, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba umqhubi angenelele.

Kwakhona, inokusebenza ngokukhawuleza kunomsebenzi kwaye ayidinwa, ke zonke ziluncedo kwishishini okanye kwiworkshop.

Yintoni oomatshini be-CNC kwaye basebenza njani?

Omnye Umatshini we-CNC luhlobo lomatshini womatshini oqhutywa lulawulo lwamanani ekhompyuter.. Ngale ndlela, inkqubo yokuzenzekelayo ifezekiswa ngokuseka ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo lokusika, ukuwelda, ukugaya, ukubumba, ukugaya, ukubeka iinxalenye, njl. nzima ngakumbi njengebhastile, isinyithi, amatye, njl.

Ngokunjalo, oomatshini be-CNC bavumela inkqubo ephucukileyo ye ingxelo ehlala ibeka iliso kwaye ihlengahlengise isantya kunye nokuma kwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa umatshini, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokugcinwa rhoqo kwezandla. Kwanabanye abahambele phambili kakhulu baneenkqubo ezikrelekrele zokubona iingxaki, ukulawula umgangatho womsebenzi okanye inxalenye, njl. njl., okanye ukudityaniswa ukuba lishishini 4.0.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba abanye oomatshini CNC basebenza ngokwahlukileyo:

khomba kulawulo lwenqaku: Kulo hlobo loomatshini be-CNC, iindawo zokuqala kunye nokuphela kwendlela nganye ziya kusekwa.
ulawulo lweparaxial: kuzo kunokwenzeka ukulawula isantya sokuhamba kweengcezu.
ulawulo lokudibanisa: benza ubuchwephesha nangayiphi na indlela ngaxeshanye namazembe abo.

Nangona ezi azikho iintlobo koomatshini cncSiza kugubungela oko ngokubanzi kwizithuba ezizayo.

Historia

Umatshini wokuqala owaqaliswa ukwenziwa wawusenziwa ngesandla ngokupheleleyo, kusetyenziswa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo ezisisiseko eziye zahambela phambili kancinci kancinci. Ukusuka ebutsheni benkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ishishini lithathe umtsi omkhulu kumatshini oqhutywa ngamandla wokonga iinzame zezandla, ukwandisa imveliso nokusebenza kakuhle.

Aba matshini bebengekafuduki kakhulu abasebenzi, eyayisabalulekile. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuvelisa inxalenye kuthathe ixesha elide, kuneendleko eziphezulu kunye nemida yengeniso ephantsi, kwaye umgangatho kunye nokuchaneka okufunyenweyo bekungadibanisi kuwo onke amalungu avelisiweyo.

En los I-40 kunye ne-50, oomatshini bokulawula amanani baqalisa ukwenziwa eUnited States. UJohn T. Parsons, owayeyinjineli ngelo xesha, wayeya kulungisa umatshini wokungqusha ngelo xesha ukuze ulawulwe ngamagqabaza aphuma kumakhadi athotyiweyo, umanduleli wenkumbulo yanamhlanje nenkqubo yekhompyutha. Ngale ndlela, oomatshini bafumana ulwazi malunga neentshukumo ezichanekileyo ekufuneka bezenzile umatshini wenxalenye kwaye abazange bafune ukungenelela okukhulu komntu ukuze kusebenze i-levers, amavili okuqhuba, njl.

Lo matshini weParsons uya kuba ngomnye we abanduleli koomatshini banamhlanje be-CNC mihla. Kodwa yayisengumatshini wokungqusha ongaqhelekanga onenkqubo yolawulo ye-analog ye-elektroniki esebenzisa iivalvu zokufunxa. Ezi nkqubo ziye zaduma ngakumbi kwaye zaqhubela phambili ngokuvuthwa kwe-slid-state kunye ne-elektroniki yedijithali. Ukusuka kwityhubhu ze-vacuum ukuya kwi-transistors, ukusuka kwi-transistors ukuya kwiisekethe eziprintiweyo kwaye emva koko ukuya kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo, de i-microcontrollers (MCUs) ibe yixabiso eliphantsi ngokwaneleyo ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi.

Emva koko oomatshini be-CNC bazalwa beneenkqubo ezikrelekrele ngakumbi kunye nezicwangcisiweyo, ukuze zikwazi ukwahlula amaxabiso omatshini njengoko ufuna. Kwi Ngama-70 Oomatshini be-CNC esaziyo namhlanje babeza kufika, beyalelwa yikhompyutha. Ngombulelo kulo mnye ubalulekileyo obalulekileyo, kwakunokwenzeka ukulawula yonke inkqubo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-software, inkqubo yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuzisebenzisa xa zifunwa, ukuguqula iiparameters ngokukhawuleza, njl.

Kwimihla yethu, ngophuhliso lwelifu, kunye ne-IoT (i-Intanethi yezinto), okanye i-Intanethi yezinto, kunokwenzeka ukudibanisa ubuninzi bezixhobo efini kwaye banokusebenzisana ngendlela ekrelekrele ngakumbi. enye, ukunika indlela a Ishishini 4.0, apho oomatshini be-CNC baya kuba nako ukuphucula izakhono zabo kakhulu. Umzekelo, banokunxibelelana omnye komnye kwikhonkco lokuvelisa ukuze ukuba nawuphi na umatshini okanye inqanaba linengxaki yokulibaziseka okanye ingxaki, oomatshini abalandelayo banokucinywa ngelixa belinde ukonga amandla, okanye banokumisela imfuno yokulungelelanisa inqanaba labo lemveliso, njl.

Wenza ntoni umatshini we-CNC?

Xa kufikwa kwiinkcukacha ze amalungu okanye amacandelo omatshini we-CNC, le miba ilandelayo ibalulekileyo inokucatshulwa:

Isixhobo sokufaka

Yaziwa ngokuba isixhobo sokufaka ukusuka kumatshini we-CNC ukuya kwisistim esetyenziselwa ukukwazi ukulayisha okanye ukuguqula idatha yenkqubo yokwenza. Ngokomzekelo, ingaba yiphaneli yokulawula, isikrini sokuchukumisa, njl. Oko kukuthi, ujongano lokuvumela umsebenzisi womatshini ukuba avule kwaye alawule umatshini.

Iyunithi yokulawula okanye umlawuli

Nguye inkqubo yedijithali ye-elektroniki oya kuba ngumthwalo wokutolika idatha efakiweyo kunye nokuvelisa uluhlu lweempawu zokulawula ukulawula ukuhamba kwee-servomotors ukuhambisa intloko yomsebenzi ngee-axes kunye nesixhobo ukwenzela ukuba benze kanye oko inkqubo efakwe ngumsebenzisi ibonisa.

Isixhobo

La sixhobo Lelinye lawona macandelo abaluleke kakhulu, kuba yeyona nto yenza umatshini, lowo udibana neqhekeza elilungiswayo. Inokuba yintloko yezixhobo ezininzi, ekwaziyo ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo, okanye izixhobo ezisisigxina okanye ezitshintshisanayo. Umzekelo: i-drill bit, i-cutter, i-milling cutter, i-tip ye-welding, njl.

Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kunokubakho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini be-CNC ngokwemiqathango yabo uhlobo kunye nenani lee-asi:

3 i-axis: zezona zixhaphakileyo, ezinomgca ongu-X, Y, no-Z.
4 izembe: njengezinye iirotha okanye iirotha zeCNC ezongeza i-axis kwezintathu ezidlulileyo. Oku kuvumela umsonto wokusonta ukuba uhambe ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene ukucubungula imiphezulu emithathu ngexesha elinye, ukwazi ukukrola umcaba okanye kwi-3D. Zikulungele ukukrola iinkuni, isinyithi, iipateni ezinzima, njl.
i-axis ejikelezayo- Ine-spindle ejikelezayo yesixhobo, ekuvumela ukuba usebenze imiphezulu emine ngaxeshanye. Ezi ntlobo zoomatshini zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ze-cylindrical, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokhuni, izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zetsimbi, njl.

Inkqubo yokuqinisa okanye yenkxaso

Nguye indawo apho iqhekeza i-ankile ukuphumeza inkqubo yomatshini ngaphandle kokuba ihambe. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo, inokuba yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye okanye ngaphandle kwee-ankile. Ukongeza, ezinye zifuna ezongezelelweyo, ezifana neenkqubo zokuqokelela uthuli, okanye ukusika ijethi yamanzi, okuya kufuna itanki yamanzi okanye indawo yokugcina amanzi ukuqokelela kunye nokuchitha amandla ejethi xa idlula inxalenye.

Ezi nkqubo zisoloko zibizwa kwakhona ibhedi okanye itafile. Uninzi lwazo ludla ngokwenziwa ngezinto ezifana ne-aluminiyam, xa amaqhekeza kufuneka ancanyatheliswe etafileni, ukucubungula iisilinda okanye iimilo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Endaweni yoko, ibhedi yevacuum okanye itafile iya kucoca inxalenye ngaphandle kokuyibamba, ivumela iqondo eliphezulu lokuchaneka, ukuphazamiseka okuncinci ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, kunye neqondo elikhulu lenkululeko.

Izixhobo zokunika ingxelo (ii-servomotors)

Kukho ezi ntlobo zezixhobo kuphela. impendulo koomatshini be-CNC abasebenzisa iimotor ze-servo. Kwezinye akuyomfuneko.

Monitor

Ukongeza kuzo zonke ezi ngasentla, kusenokubakho a ulwazi okanye inkqubo yokubeka iliso yenkqubo yomatshini ngokwayo. Oku kunokuba ngojongano olufanayo apho isebenza khona okanye ngokuzimeleyo.

Amanye amalungu

Ukongeza koku ngasentla, kufuneka kuqatshelwe izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo dibanisa:

Motors: zizixhobo ezihamba okanye ezivula isixhobo somatshini ngokweenkcukacha ezifunyenwe kwiyunithi yokulawula.
- Servo: inyamezela isantya esiphezulu, ngoko unokusika, uqhube, njl. Ilungele umsebenzi ozolileyo, ozinzile, kunye neepateni ezintsonkothileyo.
- stepper: Ezi motors stepper zinexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa zisetyenziselwa umzobo osisiseko okanye intshukumo. Zilula ukulawula, zithembeke kwaye zichaneke kakhulu, zizenza zifaneleke apho kufuneka khona ukuchaneka okuphezulu.
umjiko wokusonta: Le nto yomatshini we-CNC inokuba neentlobo ezimbini zokupholisa okanye inkqubo yokupholisa:
- Ngomoya: Zipholiswa ngokulula yifeni epholisa intambo yokusonta, kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi, kulula ukuyigcina nokusetyenziswa.
- Ngamanzi: Basebenzisa amanzi ukupholisa. Ibiza kakhulu, intsonkothile, kwaye kunzima ukuyigcina, kodwa ihlala ixesha elide, isebenza kakuhle kwaye izolile.

Hardwarelibre

Oomatshini be-CNC: isikhokelo solawulo lwamanani